Mesopotamia Essay Example for Free

Mesopotamia EssayMesopotamia, also known as the land between two rivers, became the grounds of many ancient civilizations that we know about today. mayhap one of the most famous is Sumer. Sumer was a civilization that thrived off of the two river, the Tigris and the Euphrates. Using irrigation system of ruless, the Sumerians used the floods of the rivers produced to grow crops and support the growing population. This civilization grew into an early variety of a modern city, with things like business, jobs, currency, and social classes. How were the Sumerians able to keep track of money and payments and when floods happened without a theme system?Eventually, the Sumerians were able to create to worlds earliest writing system to keep record of all this. Later, that system evolved and became what we know as the Sumerians predominant style of writing, cuneiform. With all the money transactions and trading going on, mess needed to know and keep record of how much the transaction w as and keep record of what was being traded. The Sumerians started very simply and began trying things like utilise pictures to be representations for different items and animals. This was what the earliest form of a writing system was.Using that style hey could tell exactly what things were. Over some time, this system developed into using those same pictographs, but now having certain symbols for certain words. This was established by 3100 B. C. However, as much complex ideas than keeping track of trades arose, a demand for a more complex system of writing had also risen. As time progressed, s system of writing known as cuneiform or wedged-shaped began to develop. This system of writing developed by about 2900 B. C, used symbols to represent ideas, sounds, syllables and objects.The symbols were pressed into tablets of wet clay which later, were dried in the sun preserving records and ideas and their history. This very long perpetual style of writing became popular among the Ba bylonians and the Assyrians began using it for their own languages. The writing style cuneiform began to affect the lives of the Sumerian people. It created more specialized jobs and opened the door to education. raising expanded from learning to do manual tasks into learning how to be a scribe. Being a scribe was an important thing because teaching to write cover version then is not like it is now.It took a lot of effort and was very time consuming. Being a scribe was what everyone wanted because it was the door to government positions, ghostlike positions, and also got professional jobs. These jobs included architects, engineers, and scientists. What cuneiform really did for Sumer was establish a culture beyond agriculture. Citizens could now express ideas about the world and the deities who ruled it. besides that, their realm of knowledge increased immensely because since there was now a writing system, the scribes who became scientists were able to study astronomy and record their findings.They discovered the pattern of the hide and that allowed them to accurately predict when to expect flooding from the two rivers. They also developed mathematics for the use of dividing the lands among land owners and also with math were able to establish a time system. Writing also developed into a way to express things more than knowledge. People could now write down and share very gifted ideas and also could now write stories such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. If not for writing, the ancient civilization of Sumer might now have turned into what it did.Writing did more for them then allow them to keep records of money transactions and trade, it allowed them to turn into a more intelligent civilization and also a more expressive civilization. It created more education and jobs and showed them into a realm of knowledge which was once unreachable but thanks to writing was within their grasp. Writing allowed them to preserve the information that was passed down from prop agation to generation which allowed later civilization to expand on that knowledge. Their writing system not only changed their lives but also the lives of the people to come.

Acquire Communicative Competence In Second Language English Language Essay

Acquire Communicative Competence In Second postion face Language EssayCommunication is very important to both, children and adults. Regardless of any disabilities, all human world contain the ability to communicate subconsciously. The topic is chosen as an issue of education due to two main reasons. First, it is within the same topic that the source strikes as his research scope. Secondly, because it is the most prominent problem that the writer realizes faced by the students in the school that he did his practicum.A child acquires his mother tongue by dint of exposure he receives from the surrounding namely his pargonnts, friends and the societies. The mutes cop the sign actors line base on a similar purpose to any normal kids, which is to deliver and receive messages. The developmental stages of the erudition process are best defined through various aspects through come forward the childrens ageing process (Lightbrown Spada 2006). Due to the similar detail on the impo rtance of communication, people are infallible to master more than only one language. Improvement in technologies, business opportunities, education and umpteen other fields has open more opportunities for the world societies to counterchange and share ideas of similar interest. One of the most typical technologies that have increased the demand of learning English as a moment language is the sweetening of the internet. This is why learning and mastering a plump for language becomes crucial.In answering this question which is, what does it means to acquire communicatory competence?, it is important to crystalize the import of all of the important terms included in the question such(prenominal) as the terms acquire, communication, as sound as communicative competence. Literally, acquire means to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior She has acquired a good knowledge of English (Oxford Dictionary 2005). Acquire is best unsounded when universe compared to the word learn where it is a process gone through by learners in formal settings with a well-defined stages according to the appropriate aim of difficulties. Acquire on the other hand is a process of automatically empowering a skill or ability through either formal or informal settings. Communication means the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information Speech is the fastest method of communication between people. (Oxford Dictionary 2005). It includes process of sending information either verbally through words of spoken mouth or non-verbally through sign language. Communicative competence has been so far considered as a major term in the field of molybdenum language acquisition.There is no specific definition until now that can be claimed as the most fitted meaning in defining what does communicative competence means. However, base on various readings, I managed to find oneself-importance the best explanation in defining the meaning of this term. According to George Yule (The study of language 2006), communicative competence can best be defined as the general ability to use language accurately, appropriately and flexibly. However the degree of such competencies can be measured in three different ingredients. It consists of the well-formed competence, sociolinguistic competence and the strategic competence.The first component is grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and structures. (George Yule 2006) Noam Chomsky definition of grammatical competence takes into account phonological competence as discriminate of the components. One good example of this component is learners need to learn and understand the different time references of sets of words such as he takes, he took and he has taken, and to be able to make appropriate time reference when speaking or writing the words. In short, it can be understand as the ability to recognize and produce the distinctive grammatical structure s of a language and to use them effectively in communicationConcentration on grammatical competence only, however will non provide the learner with the ability to interpret or produce second language expressions appropriately. This ability is actually the second component, called sociolinguistic competence. It enables the learner to know when to say Can I have some water? versus Give me some water according to the social linguistic context. very much of the discussion on the pragmatics aspect has to become familiar in the cultural context of the second language if the learner is to develop sociolinguistic competence. (George Yule 2006)The third component is called strategic competence. This is the ability to organize a message effectively and to compensate, via strategies, for any difficulties. In second language use, learners inevitably experience moments when there is a severance between communicative intent and their ability to express that intent. (George Yule 2006) The impli cations might either be good as well as bad. The good thing is when learners gauge to express themselves apply a communication strategy. Example is when a learner use the vocabularies that already known to them in referring to things that they have no idea of its English word such as, a plate to put cigarettes dust that refers to an ashtray. In the worst cases, learners may just stop talking, which is a bad idea in learning a language.In close reference to only the definition provided above, communicative competence can best be defined as being able to automatically and interpret received information accurately with counteract grammatical application that reflects the real contextual meaning wished to be conveyed, as well as able to compensate unknown or difficult words into typical, comprehensible language.There are a few assumptions make by linguists in regards of the nature of verbal communication which I believe may help to further explain the meaning of acquiring a second l anguage communicative competence. The assumptions include that communication is meaning-based, formulaic and interactional. (Jack Richards 1985).Under the meaning-based aspect of communication, most of the examples given are based on people that learn English as their second language. It helps a lot in making my very own assumption in regards of determining the true meaning of acquiring a second language communicative competency. This assumption differentiate English users base on two different needs. The basic option need and the survival level need.The basic survival need refers to, learners who have active vocabulary of perhaps two hundred words, minimal knowledge of the syntax of English, but in a situation where English is essential for simple and basic communicative purposes. The immediate need refer to a core basic referents or things in the real world such as name of things, states, events and attributes using known words. Basic survival requires learner to be able to lin k words together to make predications, that is, to express propositions. At this level, learning a language is seen as learning how to create propositions. (Jack Richards 1985)The survival level need implies more than construction of propositions. At this level, learners are usually identify as adult speakers. They use propositions in utterances in a variety of sorts such as to ask a question about a proposition, to affirm a proposition, deny or negate a proposition or express an attitude toward a proposition. Speakers immediate need is to work out a way of performing such operations as stating, affirming, denying, or questioning propositions as economically as possible. Here speakers have needs similar to children who are learning their mother tongue as complex utterances are expressed within the limited grammatical system known to the speaker. However, the way they express the need is rather more advance and complex compared to children expression or utterances.By making comparis on of both levels, it can be concluded that being able to make propositions alone does not make a second language learner communicatively competence. The skills that learners and speakers of a second language use to express their needs as well to be able to produce accurate utterances and acquire the ability to restructure their existing vocabularies to meet the demand of contextual suitability, is a part of the components of acquiring a second language competency.The next assumption is on the conventional aspect of communication. Under this assumptions, the goals of English language learners change through the acquisition process. It is express that, as language acquisition proceeds, the learner revises his or her ideas about how propositions are expressed in English. Learners syntax become more complex as his or her knowledge of negation, the auxiliary system, questions, word order, embedding, conjoining and so on expands. (Jack Richards 1985) At this stage, learners are believed to have gained the grammatical competence. Propositions or utterances made by learners are tell into two kinds. The first is a conventional way of making propositions and utterances which is in close context to daily usage and the second is novel utterances. The best way to explain the difference between both types of communication forms is by looking at these two sentences below.Would you mind mailing this letter to me?It is my desire that this letter be mailed by you. (Jack Richards 1985)The first is an example of a conventional utterance as it is used by native speakers of the language and in close context to real life conversation. The latter is an example of a novel utterance. Even though it is a grammatically correct sentence, it holds no status as a potential utterance within discourse, which is not applicable in daily conversation. This assumption address that, once learners have progressed to the stage where they are beginning to yield novel utterances, they find that ma ny of their utterances fail to conform to pattern of conventional usage, although they are undoubtedly English sentences. (Jack Richards 1985) This proves that, only a fraction of sentences that could be generated by our grammatical competence are actually ever used in communication. This is because communication is largely consists of the use of language in a more conventional ways.In reference to defining the meaning of acquiring communicative competency, I believe that producing grammatically correct sentences is of ultimate importance because it hinders misunderstanding and increase the intelligibility. The fact that language is conventional has important implications for language teaching as it suggest that language acquisition is better compared to the process of language learning. However, it is also important for learners to work out communicating, verbalizing or delivering their thoughts using sentences which are in close context to the purposes of the communication that t akes coif so that the intended meanings become clearer and more authentic.The next assumption is on the interactional aspect of communication. Under this assumption it is said that, language is used to keep open the channels of communication between people and to establish a suitable rapport. (Jack Richards 1985) In any action, each actor provides a field of action for the other actors, and the reciprocity thus established allows the participants to exercise enacting a self or identity, and using strategies to accomplish other interactional ends. (Jack Richards Goffman Watson 1985) In explaining the quoted explanation, it is best to look into the sign stage of conversation between two strangers. To raise a safe topic is a typical strategy in starting a small talk. Topics are carefully chosen so that there is a strong likelihood of mutual agreement. This allows speakers the right to stress his agreement with the hearer, and therefore satisfy the hearers desire to be right or to be corroborated in his opinions. (Jack Richards 1985) A safe topic is defined as much of what passes for communication with the purposes of sociability. (Jack Richards Bolinger 1975) Examples of safe topics are topics for virtually everyone such as the weather, the beauty of scenery, opinions on the public point and many more. (Jack Richards Brown Levinson 1978) These are examples of what has been called phatic communion. Basically, there are three main mechanisms of phatic communion namely the speakers repertoire of verbal and visual gestures, speakers stock of canned topics and formulaic utterances and lastly the awareness of taking turns in a conversation.Speakers repertoire of verbal and visual gestures refer to the signals send and receive by speakers which signal interest in what his or her conversational partner is saying. This includes the use colloquial utterances to show agreement as well as disagreement such as mhmm, uh-uh, a-hah, yeah, really? and many more. The importanc e of colloquial language in terms of addressing appropriate context according to the appropriate social class has been highlighted by Janet Holmes in her book, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. She stated that, there are other strategies besides topic manipulation which have been used in order to capture people most relaxed or slang expression speech style.The second mechanism is the speakers stock of canned topics and formulaic utterances. These are produced at relevant points in discourse, such as the small talk that is required to make brief encounters with acquaintances. (Jack Richards 1985) From my opinion, I think the terms stock of canned topics and formulaic utterances here refer to the utterances that a speaker says while the conversation takes place either between his or her common friends as well as to strangers. This is the ability to connect topics which is in the similar context with what has been said at the initial stage of the conversation with the purpose of ex tending the conversation for a longer period.The third mechanism is the awareness of taking turns in a conversation. This refers to the awareness of when to talk and when not to talk, that is, appropriate use of turn-taking conventions. (Jack Richards 1985) This is a mere fact of practicing politeness in a conventional communication. Being polite is a serious business in any language. It is difficult to learn because it involves understanding not just the language, but also the social and cultural values of the community. In fact it involves a cracking deal more than superficial politeness routines that parents explicitly teach their children. (Janet Holmes 2008)The assumption has provided me with another insight towards defining second language communicative competency. It takes into account the believability as well as the ability of a learner or speaker to speak freely regardless of who the receivers or hearers are. The selection of suitable topics in initiating a conversation, the ability to hold a conversation for quite some times and to show respect towards the other speaker without stereotyping and by not neglecting the amicable factors such as politeness is also a key element in acquiring a second language competency.To conclude, acquiring a second language communicative competency requires learners to master the basic needs of communication which are the ability to transmit and interpret received information accurately with correct grammatical application that reflects the real contextual meaning as well as able to compensate unknown or difficult words into typical, understandable language. Other than that, learners need to be able to acquire the ability to restructure their existing vocabularies to meet the demand of contextual suitability. Furthermore, it is important for learners to practice to communicate using sentences which are in close context to the purposes of the communication that takes place so that the intended meanings become clearer and more authentic. Learners should also be able to manipulate suitable topics in initiating a conversation and to hold the conversation for quite some times while showing respect towards the other speaker without stereotyping and by not neglecting the affectionate factors such as politeness.There is a major difference between communicatively competence and speaking competently. I realized that throughout the essay, most of the explanations made were regulated around only two points. First, is in defining the meaning of communicative competence. Second, is elaborating the meaning of acquiring second language communicative competence from the linear perspective of only verbal communication. I realize that the process of communication is not restricted to only one channel which is speaking. It can also be through other means of sending and receiving messages such as writing, listening and reading. This is considered as a delimitation which I encountered in accomplishing the task. My initial plan was to define the meaning of acquiring communicative competence from the four main components of English language learning which are speaking, listening, reading and writing. However, due to the limited resources, I decided to choose only one part of the second language communicative competency aspect.

Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases

Pathophysiology of liver DiseasesONG SUAN LINGLiver FailureThe liver is responsible for regulatory, detoxification, metabolic and synthetic activities. Liver cell cognize as hepatocyte, is responsible for about 500 or more specific biologic processes 2.Liver failure occurs when large parts of the liver become disgraced and the liver is dysfunction 1. Liver failure occurs over many years and gradually. However, the acute liver failure is difficult to detect initially and occurs speedyly (as rapid as 48 hours) 1.Chronic liver failure is caused by excessive alcohol intake, Hepatitis B or C, malnutrition, Hemochromatosis (body absorb and store too much iron) and cirrhosis (irreversible inflammatory disease) 2.Figure 1 show the stages of liver damage which eventually lead to cirrhosis.Liver HepatitisHepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C is the or so common hepatitis which can lead to the liver damage caused by their chronic forms. Viral hepatitis is c leared from the body in a period ranging from weeks to months, by the tolerant system but when it is not as seen in chronic hepatitis, the disease must be managed medically 5.Hepatitis can also be brought on by excess alcohol consumption or inherited (congenital hepatitis)5. When hepatitis left untreated, it can damage the liver over many years, eventually resulting in cirrhosis 5.Liver CirrhosisCirrhosis is a condition in which normal, healthy hepatocyte are damaged and replaced by nodular and fibrotic tissue. A cirrhosis-damaged liver can cause fall hepatic function and widespread disruption of many body functions 3.For cirrhosis, the biliary channels become obstructed and caused portal high blood pressure. The hypoxic necrosis is developed as a result of smear circulation is shunted away from the liver (due to neovascularisation) 4Figure 2 shows the normal appearance of the cells of the liver, compared to cells of cirrhotic livers.Hepato pneumonic syndrome (HPS)Hepatopulmonar y syndrome is the clinical relationship between hepatic dysfunction and the existence of pulmonary vascular dilatation which can result in a range of arterial type Oation antidromicities 6.HPS is defined by the presence of chronic liver disease abnormal arterial oxygenation or an arterial partial pressure of oxygen in the absence of an alternate cause and evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs) 7PathophysiologyHepatopulmonary syndrome occurs mostly in patients who have established cirrhosis and portal hypertension 8. From a pathophysiological point of view, abnormal intrapulmonary vascular dilatation is linked to portal hypertension, which in itself leads to adapted bowel perfusion and an change magnitude rate of enteral translocation of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin.This process in turn stimulates the release of vasoactive go-betweens, which include tumour necrosis factor, haem-oxygenase-derived carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide. The increased end produc t of nitric oxide in the lung plays a central part in the pathogenesis of the hepatopulmonary syndrome 8.Increased concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide are positively correlated with the increase of alveoloarterial oxygen difference. The constitutive and the inducible isoforms of nitricoxide synthase have been implicated in this process.In addition, the endothelin system, especially abnormal activation and increased expression of endothelial type B endothelin receptors, is implicated in the pathogenesis of the hepatopulmonary syndrome 8. In patients who have pulmonary hypertension, endothelin predominantly exerts vasoconstrictive and mitogenic effects due to activation of type A and type B endothelin receptors on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells 8. (Refer to figure 3)Figure 3 show in presence of portal hypertension, hepatic production occurs of endothelin-1 and expression of endothelial type B receptors, but no type A receptors increase in pulmonary vasculature. Signaling vi a endothelially expressed endothelin B receptor leads to increase NO production by eNOS, with the overall effect of pulmonary vascular dilatation.Below is how defective synthesis and metabolism of pulmonary vasoactive substance lead to intrapulmonary Vasodilation.Due to the vasodilation and development of shunt, the blood flow is not uniform leading to ventilatation-pefusion mismatch and also restricts the oxygen molecules to reach the centre of the capillaries and hemoglobin in the erythrocyte 9. (Refer to figure 4)Figure 4 Ventilation-perfusion mismatches the oxygen reach the capillaries and blood.The nonuniform perfusion blood flow may lead to the formation of functional intrapulmonary vascular dilations which is the major cause of hypoxemia and the defining induce of HPS 9.The hyperdynamic circulation as well as the increased cardiac output which associated with liver disease stifles the transit time of blood in the lung vasculature, thus the time on tap(predicate) for the ox ygen diffusion is reduced. This in turn contributes to the hypoxemia 9.HPS also caused a decreased arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) as a result of the inability of oxygen molecules to diffuse to the center of the dilated pulmonary capillaries to oxygenate the haemoglobin in the erythrocytes 8.Figure 5 shows illustration of precapillary pulmonary vascular dilatations.On the other hand, the increase of alveolar PO2 with supplement oxygen may increase the blood arterial PO2 and improve the hypoxemia 8.HPS patients have been reported to have decreased pulmonary vascular unsusceptibility and decreased hypoxic pulmonary vascular constriction 8.Hepato nephritic syndrome (HRS)Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is generally occurs in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension 10. HRS is characterised by major disturbances in circulatory function and renal failure 10. Intense vasoconstriction of the renal circulation has resulted in renal failure 10.The HRS is the final consequence of extreme underfilling of the arterial circulation secondary to arterial vasodilatation in the splanchnic vascular bed 10, 11. The principle abnormality in the systemic circulation is low arterial pressure caused by greatly reduced total systemic vascular unsusceptibility 11. The prognosis remains poor, particularly when there is rapidly progressive renal failure 11.HRS occurs in the setting of cirrhosis predominantly, but it can also be developed in other types of chronic liver disease like alcoholic hepatitis.Figure 6 Proposed pathogenesis of HRS in cirrhosis, according to the arterial vasodilatation 13The mechanism of HRS is vasoconstriction of the renal circulation is multifactorial, involving disturbance in the activity and circulatory function of systemic and renal vasoactive mechanisms 13.There is severe arterial underfilling in the systemic circulation which is related to the portal hypertension 13. The arterial underfilling is caused by the vasodilatation of the splanchnic circulation related to increased splanchnic production of vasodilator substances, particularly nitric oxide 17.The increased activity of the vasoconstrictor systems caused greatly reduce in renal perfusion and GFR however tubular function is preserved 13,14,16.The vasoconstrictor system has resulted in the retention in free peeing (arginine vasopressin) and retention in sodium (renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system) that occurs in advanced cirrhosis 15, 16.In the early phases of decompensated cirrhosis, increased synthesis of renal vasodilator factors (mainly prostaglandins) caused maintenance of renal perfusion inside the normal range because of 17.In later phases of the disorder, renal perfusion cannot be maintained because maximum activation of vasoconstrictor systems caused by the extreme arterial underfilling, has decreased production of renal vasodilator factors, or both, and lead to HRS developement 17.The activation of vasoconstrictor systems also results in vaso constriction of some vascular beds other than the kidneys, including the legs, arms and brain. Due to the greatly increased local production of vasodilators, the splanchnic area escapes the effect of vasconstrictors 18.ReferencesWebmd.com. (2014).Liver failure causes, symptoms, treatments, tests more. online Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-liver-failure Accessed 11 Jan 2014.Vitaltherapies.com. (2014).Liver disease vital therapies. online Retrieved from http//vitaltherapies.com/liver-disease/ Accessed 11 Jan 2014.Hn632campus.wikispaces.com. 2014.HN632campus Cirrhosis. online Available at https//hn632campus.wikispaces.com/Cirrhosis Accessed 11 Jan 2014.Buob, S., Johnston, A. N., Webster, C. R. L. (2011). ingress hypertension pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,25(2), 169-186.Livermd.org. (2014).Hepatitis cirrhosis. online Retrieved from http//livermd.org/hepatitis.html Accessed 11 Jan 2014.Kr owka, M. J., Cortese, D. A. (1994). Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Current concepts in symptomatic and therapeutic considerations.CHEST Journal,105(5), 1528-1537.Fritz, J. S., Fallon, M. B., Kawut, S. M. (2013). Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver Disease.American journal of respiratory and critical sustainment medicine,187(2), 133-143Hoeper, M. M., Krowka, M. J., Strassburg, C. P. (2004). Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome.The Lancet,363(9419), 1461-1468Zhang, J., Fallon, M. B. (2012). Hepatopulmonary syndrome update on pathogenesis and clinical features.Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology,9(9), 539-549.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2014).Hepatorenal syndrome national library of medicine pubmed health. online Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001519/ Accessed 12 Jan 2014.Emedicine.medscape.com. (2014).Medscape medscape access. online Retrieved from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/178208-overviewa0104 Accessed 11 Jan 2014.G ins, P., Guevara, M., Arroyo, V., Rods, J. (2003). Hepatorenal syndrome.The Lancet,362(9398), 1819-1827.Arroyo, V., Gins, P., Gerbes, A. L., Dudley, F. J., Gentilini, P., Laffi, G., Schlmerich, J. (1996). Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis.Hepatology,23(1), 164-176.Arroyo, V., Guevara, M., Gins, P. (2002). Hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis pathogenesis and treatment.Gastroenterology,122(6), 1658-1676.Schrier, R. W., Arroyo, V., Bernardi, M., Epstein, M., Henriksen, J. H., Rods, J. (1988). Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis.Hepatology,8(5), 1151-1157.Schrier, R. W., Niederberger, M., Weigert, A., Gins, P. (1994). Peripheral arterial vasodilatation determinant of functional spectrum of cirrhosis. InSeminars in liver disease(Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 14-22).Martin, P. Y., Gins, P., Schrier, R. W. (1998). Nitric oxide as a mediator of hemod ynamic abnormalities and sodium and water retention in cirrhosis.New England Journal of Medicine,339(8), 533-541.Angeli, P., Merkel, C. (2008). Pathogenesis and management of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis.Journal of hepatology,48, S93-S103.

The Rise Of World Oil Price In Malaysia

The Rise Of World Oil Price In MalaysiaThe article titled tincture of rising prices was posted on 7 March 2011 by The Star Online. It reports the impact of rise in world cover scathes and explains how this assumes the country.2.0 IntroductionWith the world anoint prices increasing speedyly, the public is concerned about the resultants to the economy of Malaysia in 2011. According to early experiences, the rapidly increasing prices of oil and gas usu aloney see the countrys economy egression.The aim of this report is to examine the impact of the rise of world oil price in Malaysia using economics concepts and simple diagrams. The report impart emphasize on macroeconomics, including topics such as inflation, business cycle, pith demand and supply, monetary form _or_ system of government and fiscal policy. At the end of the report, a summary of all the discussions mentioned result be concluded.3.0 Analysis3.1 Business CycleThe consistently oil price changes has a great impa ct on the business cycle. The emerging addition in the world oil price delays the recovery of economy in Malaysia. The effect of the business cycle on oil price changes is illustrated using movements in historical gross domestic product. Generally, each business cycle has two phases A contraction and expansion and two turning points A peak and a trough. solve 1.1 shows a hypothetical business cycle.Real GDPUntitled.jpg name 1.1According to Mahbob (2011), the booming price of oil and gas is not positive for the economic growth as Malaysia is just trying to recover after the global financial crisis in 2009. This will lead to recession. Recession usually decr quietens the inflation rate. This is an exception because the recession is caused by a supply shock. During this period of time, the inflation rate of Malaysia rises rapidly. Eventually, this growths the unemployment rate and causes the real GDP to fell significantly.3.2 Aggregate demandIn the article, it was mentioned that t he public have to ready their spending and pattern of consumption due to inflation. The public are encouraged to increase domestic food production, economized on travels and increase usage of public transports to rear household savings (Mahbob 2011). This will help Malaysia to tame the inflationary stress.Aggregate demand (AD) mold shows the relationship between the price level and the quantity of real GDP demanded, ceteris paribus. The total demand curve is always downward sloping. This is due to a decrease in the price level increases the quantity of real GDP demanded.Meanwhile, the short-run aggregate supply curve (SRAS) shows the relationship in the short-run between the price level and the quantity of real GDP supplied by the firm.The aggregate demand curve also shows the equilibrium level of real GDP. The total spending is equivalent to the total output for each price level. The equation of aggregate demand is shown in Figure1.2 as belowFigure 1.2The aggregate demand curve will shift if any variable changes other than price level. A change in C, I, G or net Xs will shift the aggregate demand curve. For example, the increase in price of oil causes the households and firms to become disheartened about their future incomes. They are more likely to save. This will decrease the overall consumption and hence, shifting the aggregate demand curve to the left.To help to ease the inflationary pressure in Malaysia caused by the continuously increasing oil price, C, I, G or net Xs should be increased. The aggregate demand curve will shift to the right from AD1 to AD2 in Figure 1.3 if C, I, G or net Xs are increased.Untitled.pngFigure 1.33.3 Aggregate supplyThe aggregate supply (AS) curve shows the effect of changes in total output or real GDP on the price level.The long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve is when the real GDP equals to potential GDP and there is full employment. The long-run aggregate supply curve is always vertical because potential GDP is not affected by the price level.An unexpected change in the price of natural resources such as oil will shift the aggregate supply curve. For instance, a sudden increase in the price of oil in Malaysia causes supply shock to happen. The price levels of the outputs increase significantly as a greater amount of inputs are essential for production. Costs of producing output rise. This cause the aggregate supply curve to shift to the left, from AS1 to AS2, as shown in Figure 1.4.Untitled.pngFigure 1.43.4 InflationInflation is generally defined as a process of continuously rising prices, or equivalently, of continuously falling value of money (Laidler and Parkin, 1975, 741).Inflation rate is the percentage rise in the level of price every year.The price of Ron97 petrol was increased to RM2.70 per litre at 1 April 2011, which is RM 0.20 higher than the price before. In 2011, current high oil prices are actually caused by the fears that supply would be disrupted by the unrest and turmoil in Libya and Egypt and the protests in the Middle East. The persistent increase in the price of oil in Malaysia contributed to inflation.Malaysia, who is experiencing high inflation rate, will cause the real income of individual to decrease. This will then decrease the purchasing power of consumer and weakens Malaysian currency. In long term, Malaysia will experience a decline in economic growth.According to the economics theories, the increase in prices of oil is a cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation is defined as the inflation that arises as a result of a negative supply shock-that is, anything that causes a decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and run (Essential of Economics, 2010, 465). The soaring oil price causes a negative supply shock, which leads to an upward shift in price level and lower real gross domestic product (GDP) in the short run.An increase in oil price causes an increase in the production costs. This shifts the aggregate supply curve to the left, from SR AS1 to SRAS2 in Figure 1.5. This moves the short-run equilibrium from point A to point B. The real GDP falls below its potential level and the price level increase from P1 to P2.Untitled.pngFigure 1.53.5 Monetary PolicyThe rising oil prices contributes to a big part of the increase in inflation rate in Malaysia. In Malaysia, monetary policy is determined by Bank Negara Malaysia. The aim of monetary policy in Malaysia is to attain price stability of the currency. By maintaining low inflation, it helps to promote long-term growth and full employment. Bank Negara Malaysia implements open market operations (OMO) to sterilize liquidity changes in the overnight money market to maintain constant cash rate.As shown above in section 3.2, AD = C + I + G + X-M. An increase or decrease in the interest rate will affect the consumption (C), investments (I) and net exports (X-M). However, it does not influence government purchase. For example, an increase in the cash supply on the OMO will lead to a fall in interest rate and an increase in consumer and investment expenditure.During inflation, Bank Negara Malaysia implements contractionary monetary policy to keep the rate of inflation low. Bank Negara Malaysia increases the cash rate at inflationary periods to decrease the cash supply. As a result, interest rate is increase. This will then decrease the investment, consumption and net exports. The aggregate demand curve shifts to the left. Price level and real GDP are decreased.Untitled.pngFigure 1.6As shown in Figure 1.6, Bank Negara Malaysia prevents the aggregate demand to increase too rapid by raising the interest rates. The contractionary monetary policy shifts the aggregate demand curve from AD0 to AD1. The price level decreases from P0 to P1 while the real GDP decreases from GDP0 to GDP1. This helps to reduce inflation.

Television and Media - TV Advertising - Selling Magic Potions and Happy

Advertising - Selling Magic Potions and Happy Pills   The marketing world is a sea of fishermen waiting for some starvation little fish to snatch up the bait.  The bait is the commercial.  Although the advertising industry provides the consumer with the opportunity to explore what is available, this industry can also lead people into believe that there are magical cures that can eliminate the un indigenceed and create the wanted.  For instance, the print ad for Dove Nutrium Age Defying Body Wash implies that by utilise this result you can look as young as you feel.  However, by analyzing the impact of the ad, the visual and verbal content, and the audience that it targets, the consumer is able to conclude that this product may supporter your skin, but will not affect feeling in the way of your emotions as portrayed by the laugh lady.   The impact of this ad encourages consumers to buy this product so that they can feel the way the Dove woman fe els.  The term feeling is mentioned three times in the print, and the look on her face is expressing an exalt emotion.  If I were to attach words to the expression on her face, they would say, I am so happy and full of joy that I want to throw my interrogation back and laugh.  Is the Dove Company trying to tell me that this body wash is going to make me feel like that and defy age at the homogeneous time?  So the next time I am feeling broke, fat, ugly, old, alone, and depressed, I will whip out my Dove and it will wash all those grownup feelings away.  I may have gone too far with the emotion, but the lure is about how I feel.  I would love to feel the way the laughing lady feels.  But smart consumers wi... ...men that I know that fit into this category, are looking for age-defying products that reduce signs of wear and tear and that increase the youth they once had.  In some form or another, everyone is trying to be healthy, and bei ng healthy helps improve the way they feel.  Women above the age of 29 are beginning, if they dont already, to feel the chasten in their health.  This ad is a decoy for those women.   The commercial world is full of disguised promises.  Through images, trick sentences, gripping messages, and society made into moving targets, the consumer is pin down into believing that magic potions and happy pills exist in the world.  Not all advertisers are out to pull the wool over our eyes, but they all want our attention and they will do mind-twisting acrobats to get in to the world of the consumers unconscious.

Elements of Poetry and Essay Writing :: Education, Writing

I was surprised to find that I could use so many of the techniques that poets use in writing my own essays. For example, by choosing certain quarrel, I can set the tone for the essay and demonstrate certain attitudes. Also, I can take advantage of several technical methods, some(prenominal)(prenominal) as abstractions, assonance, and figures of speech to make an essay more interesting. Further, I think it is important to try and understand the poets meaning behind their word choice. After analyzing the poems of conjuring trick Donne, Anne Bradstreet, and Robert icing the puck, I will discuss how I think certain elements can be utilise in my own writing.Anne Bradstreet used words such as loved, happy, and reward to set a positive tone (963). The authors attitude came across as grateful and appreciative. In contrast, Robert Frost chose to use words such as perish, nauseate, and destruction, which displayed a negative tone and attitude (1009). I never really gave this much consideration before, but I think I could use this technique in the future. By choosing the correct words, I can make sure the readers be interpreting my writing as I mean it to come across. I in addition discovered several technical methods that can be used in my essay writing. This is another area that I never really paid attention to. Sure, I have used some of them, but never knew what they were called or understood the full effect of them. Abstractions and several figures of speech were amongst some of the methods that were found. For example, Batter my heart, three-personed God (Doone 988), To My Dear and Loving Husband (Bradstreet 963), and Fire and Ice (Frost 1009), abstractions were used. Abstractions are words that we use to describe something that has no concrete reality (Charters 787). For example, in Doones poem, the author used words such as weak and untrue (989). Bradstreet also used this technique by using the word love (963). And finally, Frosts word choice was cleverly utilized with using desire and hate (1009). These are also considered examples of figurative speech in that they use simile or metaphor in describing the subject (Charters 795). I feel by winning advantage of some of these techniques, I can make my essays more interesting for readers.To add, I found several figures of speech techniques such as metonymy, apostrophe, hyperbole and symbols were used in Anne Bradstreets poem To My Dear and Loving Husband (963).

Inconsistency in The Character of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shak

Inconsistency in TheCharacter of hamlet The perfection of Hamlets disposition has been called in question - perhaps by those who do not understand it. The character of Hamlet stands by itself. It is not a character marked by strength of will or even of passion, notwithstanding by refinement of thought and sentiment. Hamlet is as little of the hero as a man can be. He is a young and princely novice, full of high enthusiasm and quick sensibility - the sport of circumstances, questioning with great deal and refining on his own feelings, and forced from his natural disposition by the strangeness of his situation. Hamlet seems incapable of deliberate action, and is unless hurried into extremities on the encourage of the occasion, when he has no time to reflect, as in the scene where he kills Polonius, and again, where he alters the letters which Rosencraus and Guildenstern are taking with them to England, purporting his death. At other times, when he is roughly bound to act, he re mains puzzled, undecided, and skeptical, until the occasion is lost, and he finds some pretence to relapse into indolence and thoughtfulness again. For this reason he refuses to kill the King when he is at his prayers, and by a refinement in malice, which is in truth only an excuse for his own want of resolution, defers his revenge to a more opprobrious opportunity, when he will be engaged in some act that has no relish of salvation in it. Now might I do it pat now he is praying And now Ill do t - and so he goes to heaven And so am I revengd? - that would be scanned A villain kills my experience and for that I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge ... Up sword and know thou a more dreaded hent, Whe... ... explaining the cause of his alienation, which he hardly trust himself to think of. It would have taken him years to have come to a direct explanation on the point. In the harassed state of his mind, he could not have done m uch other than what he did. His conduct does not contradict what he says when he sees her funeral, I loved Ophelia forty thousand brothers Could not with all their quantity of love Make up my sum - Act v., sc. 1. In conclusion, Shakespeare has been accused of inconsistency with Hamlet only because he has kept up the distinction which there is in nature, between the understandings and the moral habits of men, between the absurdity of their ideas and the absurdity of their motives. Hamlet is not a fool, but he makes himself so. His folly, whether in his actions or speeches, comes under the category of impropriety of intention.