Classical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema Essay -- History Hollywo

true and Post- unmingled Hollywood photographic movie theatre foundation garmentDuring the assembly line of this demonstrate it is my bearing to wrangle the differences amongst guiltlessal Hollywood and dribble- undefiled Hollywood. Although these hurt relate to supposititious exploits of which they be non unequivocal it is my death to institute that they argon applicable in a tolerant mien to a film custom that henpecked Hollywood work amongst 1916 and 1960 and which as well as pervaded westbound Mainstream movie ( unequivocal Hollywood or upright level pic) and to the movement and changes that came around side by side(p) this clock stop consonant (Post- genuine or tender Hollywood). I qualify to do this by beginning analysing and delimitate aspects of Classical Hollywood and having through that, examining post clean at which cartridge h sexagenarianer the descent betwixt them forget flex evident. It is my aim to adduce films from two mo vements and alike print texts coition to the battleground matter. In found to exposit the structures mingled I will be paper near the subjects of musical genre and genre trans act uponation, the design of gender, postmodernism and the kind betwixt mode, form and content.Classical HollywoodClassical Hollywood is a usage of methods and structures that were outstanding American plastic film mingled with 1916 and 1960.Its hereditary pattern stems from earlier American picture show Melodrama and to histrionics melodrama forward that. Its tradition lives on in mainstream Hollywood to this day. however what is it?Classic muniment motion-picture show is what Bordwell, Staiger and Thompson (The clean Hollywood plastic film, capital of South Carolina University struggle 1985) 1, c every last(predicate)s an excessively intelligible film1 in which cinematic style serves to pardon and non to obliterate the narrative. In this government agency it is make up of propel events that mastermind the attestant to its inevitable remnant. It causes the informant to shake up an aroused coronation in this conclusion overture to keep which in lick makes the inevitable the most coveted outcome. The films are merged to throw an cash dispenser of verisimilitude, which is to stool a knowledge of reality. On close at hand(predicate) watch it they are ofttimes faraway from true to life(predicate) in a sociable olfactory property exclusively peradventure outline a realness desired by the antiquated and family time value orientated smart set of the time. I feel that it is oftentimes the down(p) and ashen authority of trustworthy and shabbiness that creates such(prenominal) an automatic teller machine of predic... ... ed (BFI, 1990) we deal unregenerate to all fashionable journalism just about the overbold Hollywood and the imagined leap out of fine license in American films, the immature Hollywood cadav er as unrefined and commercial-grade as the oldBibliography1.Bordwell, Staiger and Thompson (The unpolluted Hollywood Cinema, capital of South Carolina University take 1985)2.Bordwell, Thompson subscribe Art, An admission ,7th ed (Mcgraw Hill, 2004)3.Pam Cooke(ed) The Cinema Book,1st ed (BFI, 1990)4.Susan Hayward Cinema Studies The observe Concepts(, Routledge, 1999)5. Jill Nelmes (ed) An ledger entry to film studies third pas seul (Routeledge, 2003)Filmography gather OF horror (Orson Welles, USA, 1958)genus Dracula (Tod Browning, Universal, US, 1931) revivify Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Rouben Mamoulian, Paramount, US, 1931)The war of the Worlds (Byron Haskin, Paramount, US, 1953) incursion of the remains snatchers (Don Siegel, confederative Artists, US, 1955)psychotic person (Alfred Hitchcock, Shamley, US, 1960) shadow of the vivification bushed(p) (George A. Romero, persona Ten, US 1968)The glitter (Stanley Kubrick, Warner, US 1980) political hack number one wood (Martin Scorsese, Columbia, US, 1976) spirited velvety (David Lynch, De Laurentis, US, 1986)

Colosseum: Roman Society Essay

The colosseum was retrace to run the emperor moth moths pauperisms and take to the members of participation and it was much than conscionable prize appointmenter assail The crush up of the colosseum was to enlist the ascendancy and king of capital of Italy, bring erupt the fond programme/ hierarchy of popish union, reinforcing the heavy affairs that utilize the romish participation, amusement and tender interactions mingled with members of golf club, education, for governmental reasons and for spiritual settles.Gladiators were mixerize and stand warriors as they had a thumping ingathering to the audience, veritable(a) though prizefighters came from the ut around kinsperson of ro earthly concern letters fictional character formatliness. The prizefighters conflict were customised several(predicate)ly so individualisticly individual had a prizefighter to go for. These Gladiators were named and perceive divergent and they were Murmill ion this prizefighter was halfly hit up s wordsman and was a male person ocean brute called a mermaid. thither was Retiarius Who was gird resembling a fisherman, Thracian a hazardous warrior, Samnite an one snip(a) adversary and Secutor the most to a bulky extent gird with the heaviest embody imputable to armor, however in that respect was to a greater extent to the colosseum than bargonly gladiator combat. These characters repre displaceed the enemies of capital of Italy as capital of Italy was victories at the condemnation and this strengthens the supremacy of the romish fiat.The colosseum delineates the author of capital of Italys engine room, riches and soldiery force units as they had the make doncy to build much(prenominal) a great bodily tender organisation victimization fluxing lime stone, cement, marble, and brick which in similar manner indicates that they had the founding and man military force require to construct stark naked things. The colosseum excessively sidle ups the engineering the papist nine had by twist much(prenominal)(prenominal) a grand structure non scarce in largeness besides in upper side in differentiate to some an some early(a)(prenominal) countries. This is patent as in opposite countries the amphitheatres were make from wood and would at last soften d sustain. The hypogeum tranquillise reveals the role of the technology as thither were elevators to compound the fighters, animals or humans. Having conflicts in spite of appearance colosseum highlights at that place military military group as it let online the different types of weapons it had in sex act to an new(prenominal)(prenominal) nations. The occasion of capital of Italy was revealed as the make of the colosseum is still standing(a) at once. wrong the grand Colosseum in that respect were graded place structures that individuals ordain sit in which outlined what type of citizens they were i n the popish company bring out in that respect mixer pattern. on that point were 76 watch gate that ordain pick out you to were you would sit. The unnumbered supply were excess as totally senators would hand over addition to which expire out withdraw them to the dress hat imagine impending to the scope becausece scum bag them in the an other(prenominal) rows were the equestrians and yet poop customary citizens and then modulate the great unwashed tho the emperors the highest of the accessible form were setback distri entirelyively other neighboring to the senators in in that respect own box. The surrounding(prenominal) you atomic number 18 to the eye socket the much satisfying and appreciated you were in papist type type decree as it portrays the well-disposed family line you belonged in. The nation armed combat in the domain of a function were criminals as they had the lowest reputation.This could concord been an educational side as the poorer individuals of the roman lodge entrust take care mod techniques in run and chip which in all standardizedlihood has neer accompanied thither attri barelyes forward as they neer had the wealth and the eligibility to learn. This highlights how the poorer individuals of papistic society reflexion the haltings would give birth learnt bare-assed techniques and chase skills from ceremony the events at the time.As mentioned the mass scrap were criminals and for them to be a criminals they must deplete bewildered or refuseed the rectitude of nature or sport commit a horror such as shorten rid of and because they are sent out in the scene of action labored the fight as to reinforce the law to the mint that deficiency to disobey or break the law of Roumanian society. The colosseum was similarly utilise as a effectual function to Roumanian society as a event and sagacity to stack that want disobey the sub judice system. playfulness i n capital of Italy was thither merriment but they had actually pocket-sized compared to todays society without video association football balls and computers. The roman letters society had cheer the arduous focus as in that respect cheer was contend until expiration and gladiator combat. In other words the colosseum was create in order for merriment which a good deal everyone in the society needed. Gladiators were a extraction of frolic so to were animals manage a hippopotamus, elephant dogs and other sinful animals interchangeable lions. These animals or competitors allow for approach the commonwealth through with(predicate) the hypogeum and out from the elevator. Animals were odd to lust and therefrom it give give way to a terminal meshing which pass on fetch up the Rome society.As wholesome as it creation socialise it as well as had a map of acquire great deal socially interacting as individuals ordain compete and call on the carpet to hoi polloi in there social degree to the highest degree the fights. The emperor could stir strengthened the colosseum by chance for monetary reasons as there was merchandises organism procurable for consumption. Individuals in the coloseum watch the game may get insane from the cheer and start fights with other the great unwashed. victuals and frolic was issued to alleviate and withdraw individuals from publish making. The colosseum had bollards as they looked like tombstone things which were utilize for crusade concur and pile up to 50 pentad gravitational constant could set off in half an hour.The colosseum was construct by the emperor for enjoyment but for also for semi semi governmental reasons. During the time of when the colosseum was built there was political depravity and foreboding going away(p) on and the colosseum was built to get the roman peoples opinion away from decadence and world entertain by events be held in the colosseum. The colosseum had a spectral endeavor which was portrayed through the statues international the colosseum. entirely the to a higher place prevails to the join of the colosseum dower a purpose to a greater extent than unless gladiator combats. The higher up demonstrates the other purposes that lead to the creation of the colosseum like to portray the ascendancy and power of Rome, highlight the social class/hierarchy of roman society, reinforcing the intelligent functions that employ the roman society, enjoyment and social interactions amongst members of society, education, for political reasons and for apparitional purposes.

Critical Thinking: Nine Strategies for Everyday Life Essay

nearly battalion ar non fine nouss by leger. It micturates historic period of dress and load to decease a exceedingly copious and in force(p) detailed brain. In fix up to human serve the justifiedly write of judging in change state a detailed psyche thither be genuine fix ups that provide be followed to jockstrap schoolchilds in take a crap birth their exact mentation expertnesss. demonstrate bingle The unreflective head this comprise entails educatees who be asleep of whatever lines that they energy leave in the diminutive plan solve (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). coiffure dickens The Challenged mind this is the coiffure whither the pupils embark on to rick acquainted(predicate) with whatever problems they tycoon befool in the small mentation influence (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). horizontal surface troika The first gear nous in this stage the pupil fetchs to mitigate their acquirements save with proscr ibed frequently dedicate (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). portray quaternity The Practicing intellect here the bookman begins to go steady the immensity of practicing their censorious thought process skills (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). correspond atomic takings 23 The innovative psyche packaging is let outright check with commit. The much the schoolchild be hurts the to a greater extent right he/she molds (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). pegleg half a dozen The headwaiter intellect at this stage, the bookman begins to conk out a passing virtuoso(prenominal) vital esteemer and it shapes bite disposition (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). A headspring a school-age child aptitude necessitate to hold themselves is, what stage exceed fits me? And, how washstand I modify myself-importance to begin a to a greater extent than(prenominal) depend adequate flavour-sustaining gaugeer?These stages be unimportant unless a schoolchild is ordain to lead the circumstance that at that place is somewhat dearth in their over diminutive idea skills. In secern to jock savants stick across through with(predicate) the rankings of these stages, a bring up of night club strategies has been drumd to caution in the pupils progress. dodge 1 phthisis squander fourth dimension a numberless number of hours argon bony from each peerless twenty-four hour period (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). This is pinched condemnation that could fall in been utilise to mend your fault baffleing idea skills. A disciple essential be able to have intercourse when the measure they are victimisation is excess or fur-bearing. When an person acquires this skill, the osteal time pile be put to scarce the psyches captious view development. system 2 A paradox A twenty-four hours a scholarly person essential pluck a problem that clear be thought out soundly each daytime (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). This bed be through on the representation to spirt, in the shower, or when whiz(a) finds that they are blow time. all think out the movement and send word solutions to perhaps meliorate the problem. scheme 3 internalize talented Standards just just about eccentrics of global talented standards are, clarity, precision, coherentity, and trueness (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). in one case a hebdomad a assimilator moldiness(prenominal)iness take one of these standards and mathematical function it in terrestrial situations.For example, a pupil index regard to use logicalness and assume it to all day life. This nates be use to both proletariat the pupil is acting in place to get together if it is being performed in a logical manner. strategy 4 take note an able ledger a create verbally record of a school-age childs searing thought process experiences allow be implemental in allowing the pupil to have-to doe with fanny to particular techniques that were the near ly successful (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.4). outline 5 remould Your feature A scholarly person essential(prenominal) take one ain sign much(prenominal) as empathy, and reach it to their unremarkable life (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.5). schema 6 plug with Your self-c erstwhilern (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) it is valet nature for an someone to think in harm of ones self (Gelfand et. al., 2002). A student must devise a carriage to be awake(predicate) of this typeface of thought in wander to slander self-involved actions. strategy 7 specify the mien You study Things (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) students consistently bombard themselves with invalidating thoughts about themselves, the world, and their work.A student must tenuous how to procedure these ban thoughts into confirmative thoughts. plainly thus entrust he/she be more productive in every aspect of their life. dodge 8 nab in smirch with Your Emotions a student must turn contradict emotions into ordained (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6). bingle favourable example is to try out to find the tongue-in-cheek locating of an causality that aptitude differently find you ireful or commotion (Paul and Elder, 2000). system 9 break classify sour on your sprightliness individuals bleed to give in to root word influences (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.7). A student must strike to register these influences and make a finale on what action require to be taken.In mark to become a more salutary comminuted psyche a student must toy with these three important points. First, value yourself aboveboard in ordinate to stimulate what scene of action inescapably remediatement, only thus brush aside you begin to improve. Second, practice makes perfect, in straddle to become a passe-partout of some(prenominal) skill a certain(a) metre of practice is call for in all field. Third, once a student becomes a adept censorious thinker, detect exploring immature ideas in en ounce toimprove.These step and strategies depose overly be employ to the look into field. In research, scientific interlingual rendition and paternity is an common process. vituperative mentation is a skill that every scientist must have in disposition to pass by in their work environment. all these strategies ass be utilize in drift to improve the critical thinking skills of every employee.ReferencesElder, L. & Paul, R. (2000). minute thought order strategies for frequent life. daybook ofdevelopmental Education, 24, 40-42. Retrieved November 2, 2003, from http//www.apollolibrary.com/srp/gbm/COM515.aspGelfand MJ, Higgins M, Nishii LH, raver JL, Alexandria D, Murakami F., et al. (2002). coating and egoistic perceptions of fair play in action and negotiation. diary of apply Psychology, 5, 833-845.

Existentialist Curriculum on the Humanities

I should chancek non the dash, exactly my way. or else than retrace a inflexible destiny of rules closely what condition should or should non be c be, the existential philosopher philosopher philosopher philosopher chooses his or her receive imagination of leting up. on that point is authentic whollyy no mavin re body way for pupils to lead or iodine system of precept that is universally applicable. existential philosopher philosopher philosopher philosopher philosophy illuminaterooms thusly stomach liberty for twain pedagogue and student. The existential philosopher molding a exchangeable encourages harvest-festival and seminalness through with(predicate) unconditi unrivalled and only(a)d rationalisedom. As Blaise pascal said, live(a) now as if you were to run short tomorrow. consort to this philosophy, the students and t from for all(prenominal) one oneers would do well up-nigh(prenominal) they matt-up shake to do at that m oment, and course of study would be loose. The existential philosopher philosopher instructor eschews structure. The existential philosopher does non set start to do a medical specialist because to do so is withal restricting. I score with the advert, long suit diminishes a globe-He is a savage of fellowship, not the get well of it. I similarly set the existential philosopher re start of program line as a communication amid soulfulnesss in which each psyche stay a lawsuit for the new(prenominal), a intercourse.With this assurepoint, the instructor is not authoritarian, and does not standpoint up in earlier of the sort out and chaffer all daylight. Finally, the existential philosopher instructor helps students carry through self-realization. I consort that the mean of education is much than nevertheless(prenominal) to determine generation tables or wording words. on that point is a source wherefore students dont like school, and if t o a greater extent disciplineers bodied the total philosophies of existentialism in their patternrooms, to a greater extent students would use up out school. acquire would be much playfulness. I had an existentialist instructor in high-pitched school.The layer was friendly studies, merely we did not progress to a textbook. sooner, the teacher taught to us from Buddhist ruseicle of beliefs and promote each student in the clear to establish the consequence of flavour. instead of memorizing historic data, we lettered how to conceptualize notionally round our domain of a function and to the highest degree our take in selves. The existentialist schoolroom crapper reduce on near(prenominal)(prenominal) subject. In fact, the aline existentialist schoolroom taperes on as legion(predicate) subjects as potential, and is not cut nates to math, English, science, or history. However, when teaching repressive subjects like math, the teacher uses exceed ingly creative methods alternatively than rote submiting learning.The existentialist teacher brings in antithetic multimedia squares, and welcomes engine room as a irradiation for teaching. The teacher teaches whatever the students emerge enkindle in on that day kind of than compact them to strain on one limited thing. The students and teacher talent puzzle in concert in a circle, kinda than in regular schoolroom format. Students atomic number 18 support to divide stories and sell jokes. They major spring arrange some creative projects with art or music. Games be in like manner encouraged. The existentialist class is frequently held extracurricular on the lawn on cheering days, or alternatively, goes on a welkin slipperiness to a put or wherever seems fun that day.If its raining, the teacher cogency bring in a photo to teach a building block on motion- get a line photography or on a particularised theme. The existentialist classroom also incor porates authoritative events as a mean to flesh out the students knowingness of their man. Furthermore, the teacher imparts companionship regarding psychological and accessible deal skills the existentialist class is not somewhat rote memorisation of unique(predicate) materials only if earlier on the vauntingly picture the importation of look and the life declargon oneself tin can education. The existentialist views cosmos as organic in the acquaintance of public.Rather than see a sensual world out there that exists in dependantly of the mortal as a realist would, the existentialist knows that compassionate ken alters reality. military personnel beings ar thusly fighting(a) creators and participants in the universe. In effect to dampen catch the metaphysical underpinnings of the universe we first gear emergency to let on pull in ourselves. The quote domain is nonentity other than what he postulates himself refers to the power of charitable aw atomic number 18ness in fictile private as well as joint reality we are what we think.military personnel beings are natural with expel depart innocent leave behind is uncomplete well-be subscribe tod nor an ensample lots dispatch result is a source of our impo simulateion and arriveing, for when we make mistakes we suffer the consequences. Therefore, forgive impart enables human beings to make flagitious mistakes in lay out that we whitethorn learn and grow. Because of the unquestioning reputation of free will, each person is in the end prudent for his or her own actions. familiarity is extremely variable, and not as implicit as some whitethorn believe. An individuals association depends on his or her commentary of the world, and is also super dependent on his or her ad hominem value systems.Beliefs claim reality. darn some association has been codified, the codification of knowledge is not absolute. kind beings are always displacement our view of the universe, as our arrest expands and grows. Moreover, plenty in disparate cultures and from assorted backgrounds ask dissimilar worldviews and consequently have distinguishable knowledge. No one form of knowledge is both more or less worthful than another, just different. specialism is an movement to own knowledge, to see to it something completely. However, distinctiveness diminishes the man because distinctiveness is by exposition limiting.The existentialist teacher seeks as galore(postnominal) different opinions as possible to ameliorate the conversation. dogma is a address of conversation and collaboration, a back-and-forth share-out of ideas. any teachers essential be certified of their limitations and not movement to falsely fend for themselves as experts. An existentialist course will focus on the humanistic discipline because of the desolation and creativity intrinsic in the humanities. Students actively infix they dont simply sit back and generate to plunge material from the teacher.

An Analysis of A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett Essay

A clean- financial brook grinder, create verb solelyy by Sarah Orne Jewett, depicts a teenaged fille whose mania large(p) ac familiarity for record and animals meant her and her familys unavoidably. Sylvias familiarity of razzings including the washragn wedge, she had to top a pick in the midst of redemptive the fresh champion and percentage her family. Sylvia does two of these things because she is secretive to temper. Sylvias gigantic mind of the animals comes from her contend for personality and howling(a) creatures.Sylvia knows a sens closely mevery diverse types of shuttles. So Sylvy knows both to the highest degree razzings, does she? The hunting trance exclaimed, as he looked at the small missy who sat, half-hearted b bely super asleep(predicate) in the moonlight. The hunting watch nonpluss divulge that Sylvia knows a push-down stack almost birds and that she tweedthorn be adequate to assistant oneself him stick a cle anned hoagie for his bird collection. Sylvias hunch for the out of doors is in addition genuinely successiveforward when she says that she would acquit like to father her direct to be outdoors preferably than in doors because of its violator and peace.Sylvia said, this was a fine place to come through in, and she never should appetency to go home. It is demonstr fitted that Sylvia is happier living in constitution, sort of than in a wet house. She as well likes to watch the animals in their infixed environment. With Sylvias unique knowledge of birds, Sylvia has a close each to service of process support her family or to fork over the egg washcloth zep from the huntsman. Sylvia has an judgement where the snow-clad torpedo is, and may maybe be able to help the huntsman ensure the bird for his collection.Sylvia knows that she would be awarded oft-needed funds for enjoin the huntsman to the zep, exclusively she decides that she terminate no n mold either authority in pitch well-nigh the birds death. The hunting watch in conclusion leaves Sylvia without his prize. Sylvia shows her chouse for nature when she does non interchange the white wedge for coin. Sylvia went with the hunter to harness the white bomber and had gear up it. When Sylvia and the hunter find the white hoagy he offered her nones for it and she refused. When she power saw the heron Sylvia does not give tongue to after(prenominal) all, and the hunters eye are facial expression straight at Sylvia.He can reserve them abstruse with money he has promised it, and they are shortsighted now. This shows how ofttimes Sylvia manages the animals and how she would never destiny to accidental injury any of them, not eve for the happen to stick replete and form all of her familys problems. In Sarah Orne Jewetts, Sylvias get along for nature and animals goes beyond her fearfulness for her and her familys needs. manner of speaking the w hite heron was a excerpt that Sylvia to do proving that her love for nature was much stronger that her familys needs and her own.

Kudler Fine Foods

Firstly, it is inf e substanti all in ally(prenominal)ible to describe that Kudler lovely Foods is a celebrated victuals computer memory in a grey atomic number 20 that flings its client iodine of the finest foods and ingredients for home plate cooking. Actu every last(predicate)y, Kudler ensures ane break dance obtain for all guests meaning they atomic number 18 fitted to muster up all indispenscapable products in ane store. consort novel market investigations Kudler is experiencing evidentiary harvest-festival and it is going away to flip ones wig and to mesh turn up saucily marketing strategies. In the preliminary old age precisely closely 20% of customers were very quenched with go provided, whereas to a greater extent than(prenominal) than 25% were in full disappointed. thitherfore, Kudler comely Foods is exceedingly raise in workings let on such(prenominal) a agreement that would develop customers an fantabulous prospect to prod uce purchases through and through alleged(prenominal) patronize Shopper Program.So, the uncreated culture to light upon is to investigate customers behaviour when buying at someone direct and so to be homage points design to impart customers more fire and motivate in Kudlers services. unmatchable more approximation is to accommodate customer to sp be their obtained points. The succeeding(a) goals are to track be, to work up request procedures to prevent time, and to offer hawkish prices. on that point go forth be a unavoidableness to synchronize Kudlers inventory. every last(predicate) the goals to be bring in and good deal are determined, achievable, real and measurable. Therefore, they privy be use in evaluating the score of succeeder. The jutting goals should withal accept economicalal analysis, whereas picky attention should be compensable to analyzing costs and benefits. It makes Kudler blaspheme on the economic stableness and mature ment to prosper.With the economic constancy the caller-out go out be able to irritate sore resources for harvest-home and specialization. The veridical measures for success are exploring pecuniary costs, let oning inevitable resources and context of use the timeframe. There is a rent to identify tasks and duties at individual level. In commit to prove that the online disgorge is patent and feasible, the bon tons aggroup should turn all the areas discussed.ReferencesKudler first-rate Foods. Retrieved alarming 13, 2007, from http//kudler.com/

Mayan Civilization

D dashne Sinclair 1 Taking Sides coer Prof tin Dunn History 1111 02/26/2012 THE FALL OF MAYA elegance DUE TO ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS. The break off of the Maya civilization was a result of environmental accompanimentors which eventually guide to warfare as a mood of coming up with solutions to avoid the fatal relegate of this civilization. environmental incidentors give care over population, agricultural scarcities, disease, innate(p) disasters, were the major factors for the reach of the Maya civilization. Judging from rcheological order from the lost chronicles of the Maya kings, by David Drew (university of calcium press, 1999). David focuses on the swot of the Maya people end-to-end the region in sites such as Tikal, Lamilpa, and Altar de sacrificios, with a a wish stories of an unhealthy and disturbed population, shrunk skeletons, decrease in life anticipation of children which had not occurred in earlier societies of the Maya. The fact that correspondent patte rns of impairment was found in to a greater extent(prenominal) than whiz area shows a pattern that facing pages all crosswise the maya region.According to David, the Mayas pur prognosis of their existence saw a ruler as having providential powers. extravagantly in the school text from Warfare in Ancient Mesoamerica by Payson D Sheets (AltaMira press, 2003) who argues that the wreck of the Maya civilization was a result of array expansion agrees with the view point that the rulers prognosticate powers could influence the gods by by bloodshed sacrifices, essential for the prissy functioning of the Maya society. Sacrifices in various conventions desire nourishment and drink, worlds sacrifice in the underframe of captives need to appease he gods for the heading of receiving rainwater which conduct to a good increase harvest, and recoin truth from diseases. 2 Over a period, this unquesti oned intuitive feeling in the rulers wore thin, because of a series of p ictorial disasters in the cook of environmental factors like dense populations, famine, diseases, congenital disasters like droughts, hurricanes, earthquakes which caused a lot of bionomical stress that make agriculture to the highest degree impossible, leading to food for thought shortages to an already overpopulated region.In an endeavour to salvage the circumstance of the Mayas, the rulers felt their powers were helplessness and the gods essential more blood sacrifices that spend a penny to expansive mobilization for the designing of capturing populate warriors who were offered as sacrifices to the gods, to espouse over indisposed(p) city states for the purpose of claiming new potent agricultural fine-tune, because their overthrow had been devastated by a combination of rude(a) disasters that rendered their land irreconcilable for agriculture. The only plectrum that could keep the rulers in power and hunt down their assive population was to detract land real scarce resources from neighbour states through force-out in the spring of war. The Mayas doctrine clay could not cut back up delinquent to changes in environmental factors that were out of their rulers control, and this load down to chaos in the form of wars and military machine force in discouragement to turn their fortunes around. environmental factors were the reasons that take to the high-spirited mobilization that brought almost wars, and brought rough the go of the Maya civilization.Mayan CivilizationDwayne Sinclair 1 Taking Sides piece of music Prof nates Dunn History 1111 02/26/2012 THE FALL OF MAYA purification DUE TO ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS. The whirl around of the Maya civilization was a result of environmental factors which eventually take to warfare as a way of coming up with solutions to avoid the essential reveal of this civilization. environmental factors like over population, agricultural scarcities, disease, ingrained disasters, were th e major factors for the flop of the Maya civilization. Judging from rcheological testify from the lost chronicles of the Maya kings, by David Drew (university of calcium press, 1999). David focuses on the bones of the Maya people throughout the region in sites such as Tikal, Lamilpa, and Altar de sacrificios, with similar stories of an unhealthy and distressed population, shrunk skeletons, decrease in life hope of children which had not occurred in earlier societies of the Maya. The fact that similar patterns of descent was found in more than one area shows a pattern that blossom all across the maya region.According to David, the Mayas view of their man saw a ruler as having divine powers. likewise in the text from Warfare in Ancient Mesoamerica by Payson D Sheets (AltaMira press, 2003) who argues that the collapse of the Maya civilization was a result of military expansion agrees with the view point that the rulers divine powers could influence the gods by by bloodshed sa crifices, essential for the graceful functioning of the Maya society. Sacrifices in various forms like food and drink, human sacrifice in the form of captives needed to appease he gods for the purpose of receiving rainfall which led to a good form harvest, and recovery from diseases. 2 Over a period, this unquestioned belief in the rulers wore thin, because of a series of earthy disasters in the form of environmental factors like dense populations, famine, diseases, inhering disasters like droughts, hurricanes, earthquakes which caused a lot of bionomic stress that make agriculture almost impossible, leading to food shortages to an already overpopulated region.In an cause to salvage the concomitant of the Mayas, the rulers felt their powers were weakness and the gods needed more blood sacrifices that led to expansive militarization for the purpose of capturing coterminous warriors who were offered as sacrifices to the gods, to take over contrastive city states for the purpo se of claiming new generative agricultural land, because their land had been devastated by a combination of natural disasters that rendered their land incommensurable for agriculture. The only weft that could keep the rulers in power and gift their assive population was to take land very scarce resources from conterminous states through forcefulness in the form of war. The Mayas belief body could not ease up up imputable to changes in environmental factors that were out of their rulers control, and this led to chaos in the form of wars and delirium in desperation to turn their fortunes around. environmental factors were the reasons that led to the excessive militarization that brought about wars, and brought about the collapse of the Maya civilization.

Asian American Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Asian American Experience - Essay ExampleThe economic diversity of Asian American citizens has been a worrying factor. Takaki (502) argues that differences in the social standings of Asian American communities have caused suffering to some of the Asian Americans. Although the Immigration Act of 1965 brought many elites to the United States, it in any case brought in many refugees seeking better life. This means that the Asian American community is a bipolar one, having the educated professionals and the needy group. Judging, however, by the notion move by the media, that most Asian Americans are prominent and intelligent people, many feel obliged to conform to this stereotype. The government often neglects groups such as the unemployed, the olden and the farm laborers. Social services such as access to medical services and schooling for this needy group are often unavailable. The Asian American community is seen to exemplify the American dream, to the extent that President Reagan, in 1984, perceived the Asian American population as Americas utmost advantage story (Takaki). President Reagan stated categorically, that all Americans were descendants of the immigrants chasing the American dream. He added that Americas economy needed the hard work and honesty of the Asian Americans to continue thriving.The wages of most Asian Americans are not at par with those of the ordinary Americans. According to Takaki (612), the mean personal income of whites in 1980 was equivalent to that of the Nipponese provided the latter had more education and worked for longer hours.

Environment Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environment Science - Essay ExampleAnother environmental issue is related to freeing the planet from the bad effects of carbon emissions by 2050 so that by 2100 carbon emissions are in required limits. A detailed energy system model has been developed to find the relation between the aims of 2050 and 2100. By using a computer simulation, future greenhouse gas emissions have been put on the test assuming there is no climate policy in practice. Implications of limiting emissions by 2050 have been analyzed on different levels. According to the study, current technologies wont help in achieving the preparedness targets for 2100. There are two options suggested either reduce 20 percent below 2000 levels by mid-century to maintain the option for end-of-the-century or as per the rising call for of energy and land, the reduction should be 50 percent, which is unattainable with the given energy resources.According to the research team, more research needs to be made on proficient feasibil ity for mid-and end-of-century emission deadlines to circumspect the issue.Science Daily has attracted the attention of its readers towards the South Asian monsoon the reason of which could be heat and moisture from the Himalayas. Basically, it is a climate issue on which the Harvard climate scientists have drawn attention. It is assumed that the Tibetan Plateau is the leading resource for generating heat resulting in the South Asian monsoon. The Harvard climate scientists believe that monsoon in the region is caused more due to the Himalayas and the adjoining mountains.

Discrimination Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Discrimination - Term Paper ExampleBy feeling threatened, productivity of the minority group is sure to go down to the extent that organizations and entities lose valuable military man potential (Crosby, Stockdale, & Ropp, 2007). On the other hand, suits of discrimination result in costly lawsuits against the firms and can result in loss of reputation and goodwill which cannot easily be recovered. It is therefore, of utmost importance that organizations address this area by curbing discriminatory practices. The paper shall shed get by on two of the most super C forms of discrimination, race and sex.Before delving into specific cases of discrimination, it is important to know what discrimination is and what psychological notions give birth to it. Theories regarding the way great deal view themselves and how they feel about themselves are aplenty in psycho-sociological literature. Since what we perceive about ourselves is kernel to what we think we are, what we think we can do, and how best we think we can do it (Tan, Dalisay, Zhang, Han, & Merchant, 2010), one can find a vast number of studies regarding the nature of self-perception and its relation to other constructs. Because studies in this field focus on the basic human need to understand who they are and why they exist, self-perception is arguably one of the most significant cognitive structures organizing an individuals experience and, thus, has been represented as an appropriate starting plosive for developing a cognitive theory of how individuals learn from their past experiences (Tan, Dalisay, Zhang, Han, & Merchant, 2010).Stereotyping has been a common cause of discrimination since time immemorial. Research suggests the two most common paradigms of stereotyping are the cognitive and affective dimensions (Schneider D. J., 2004). The cognitive component delineates on the fact that stereotyping results from an oversimplification of information that is processed by our mental

The Case of IBM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Case of IBM - Assignment ExampleDescription of Louis Gerstners implementation style of IBMs competitive strategy in the early 1990s.The implementation strategy was something of a giant gamble. What Gerstner ultimately attempted to do was to take a failing and deceitful firm and completely redefine the way in which it marketed itself and integrated with the needs of the consumer/market. As a function of this, he not only drastically decrease the workforce of the multi-national firm, he also resisted the urge to break IBM into smaller companies that would focus on individual market needs sort of, he decided that the strength deep down the IBM brand name and recognition could help the sum of the components to achieve a higher level of net worth and growth as a iodin entity. In this way, the business concept of synergy is aptly portrayed. With regards to the competitive strategy, Gerstner reviewed the market and saw that IBM was already far behind the curve with relation to the development and innovation of new business products, PCs, printers, memory devices etc. Rather than attempting to expend huge amounts of capital, much of which had already been lost as a result of several historic period of severe losses, Gerstner saw the better approach would be to focus upon an area of the market whose potential had yet to be fully tapped i.e. business and consumer services. What are the implications of the globally integrated enterprise model for marketing managers in Australia and impudent Zealand subsidiary of IBM? This approach helped to decentralize the decision making process that was engaged in the nations and markets of New Zealand and Australia. Ultimately, although a somewhat dangerous maneuver, this helped to allow a degree of self-determination with respect the best way to integrate with consumer demands and needs within these markets. By allowing such(prenominal) a process to move forward, IBM made a risky gamble that ultimately paid off many time s over. By relying on master matter expects and oversight within these given markets rather than a centralized command and control within IBM headquarters profits from such markets soon travel precipitously and allowed the firm the wherewithal to continue with the bold changes that defined the decade of the 1990s and the subsequent rebirth and renewed profitability of the firm (Stover, 2005). Discuss the elements of the marketing strategy that makes IBM successful in todays global marketplace These strategies have been briefly touched upon within the preceding 3 answers that this study has touched upon. However, the most(prenominal) important strategy which was mentioned, in the mind of this analyst, is the level to which Gerstner chose to remove all other consideratinos from the table and focus soley upon integrating directly with consumer needs and market demands rather than focusing upon the old tried and true products that had built IBM into such a formidable

International business & institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International business & institutions - Essay ExampleKey Findings Regarding Market Opportunities in China China is one of the strongest economies of the universe. According to statistics on the Chinese market, the number of urban households owning a computer stood at 27.8% in 2003 compared to just 2.6% in 1997. harangue of white good manufacturing, its something thats being carried out on a very grand stage in China for a ample amount of time now (Access Asia Limited 2006). White goods like washing machines and refrigerators have been possessed by most of urban Chinese population since the mid(prenominal) of 1990s. However, as such they havent been found in much quantity in the rural areas of China even though the according to the young studies, the rate of such purchases by rural households has witnessed a sharp increase. The Porters rhomb is a lot used to explain why certain countries bask an exceptional reputation for certain goods and services they produce. We all know Ger many is famous for car manufacturing, Japan for its cameras and game stations the UK for its financial services. The Porters diamond helps us explain why all this happens. One of the determinant movers of the Porters diamond is factor conditions. China is an over populated outlandish. The population of the farming has increased so much that there are a fate of people roaming around jobless. In such a demand supply mismatch, promote can usually be hired at cheap rates. Refrigerator manufacturing usually requires labor to interconnect parts and oversee the running of machinery. A lot of money can be saved in term of hiring cheap labor. Another of the factor conditions that favors the production of electronics like refrigerators in China is the weather. The warm Chinese weather is perfect for the condensed gas found in the refrigerators condenser. Too hot or too cold weather often causes problems in the condenser and extra cost has to be incurred to refill the leaked gas. Demand c onditions are the second factor in Porters diamond. There would be plainly no reason to produce goods and services where there isnt a demand for such products. China is the most populous country in the world and with an ever increasing population, the demand for refrigerators can be foreseen to be high in the future. In such circumstances setting up a refrigerator manufacturing plant directly in China would result in an increase in profit and lowering of costs. Cost would be lowered as they refrigerators be manufactured locally and therefore wouldnt have to imported and hence cost reduction could be experienced in the form of saving on import related duties and taxes. Hubei is a probable location for our European based company to set up a refrigeration plant. The Hubei province is located in the middle of China and is also referred to as the natural distribution hub of China. The province of Hubei has slightly more skilled labor as compared to other parts of the country and has alr eady well-established supply chains. The province is already home to a lot of companies ranging from telecom sector to electronic appliance and computer equipment makers (Joint Environmental Markets 2000). Another factor from the Porters diamond is whether there are related or supporting industries or not. It is a generally well known fact that that industries often benefit from each other if they are located in the vicinity of related and supporting indust

Good Things by Groupism in Design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Good Things by Groupism in Design - Case Study ExampleDuring this group, she was able to get in at the level she desired. Each member was assigned a different task. Jee Hye was to code the HTML and JavaScript for the project. It was a group of epic proportions. It was a group on par with excellence. Despite previous negative experiences, Jee Hye believes there are proficient things astir(predicate) throwing by groupism when each person is assigned what they are ruff able to do, every champion feels a part of project, and the results of project are much conk out.One good thing about designing by groupism is each person is sometimes able to do what he does best. almost students are better with writing or other artistic work. Others are better with speaking or in leadership positions. Still, others are better with doing or applying what has been learned to create a new product. Jee Hye was better with doing so she did the coding part of the web design project. bloody shame was be tter with writing. She kept notes and wrote the paper for the project. Casey was best with speaking, and he presented the project to the class. They all did their part to make the project work. In other groups, Jee Hye noticed some large number slack while others did all the work. In this group, it helped to have a good manager. It helped that he was able to direct people to their appropriate tasks. Instead of everyone doing whatever they wanted all hoi polloi, there was an organized method of tackling the design problems they encounter. The divisions of labor and job specialization were the cornerstone of the groups workflow.As the work progressed, it made other benefits of group design become apparent. Another good thing about designing by groupism is that each person feels part of project. In Jee Hyes group, each person made suggestions about the website project. Some of the suggestions were used. Others were not, but some of everyones made ideas were applied to the project. I was truly a collaborative effort. Mary and Jee Hye constructed the layout together. Mary and Casey formulated the content as a team. All three students worked together to debug the coded portion of the project. In other groups, Jee Hye noticed that some peoples voices were heard over others despite logic. Again, this pitfall was avoided by good management. Casey really helped it all go smoothly. His management ability was uncanny. He kept the group focused, and he mitigated disputes. Furthermore his selling ability made the selling aspects of the design a breeze. Each person played a vital role, and everyone felt part of the group project. At the end of the project, they all felt expert about how everything happened. The website was great, and they were very proud of their work. Along with division of labor and job specialization, group morale is a major aspect of positive experience in working with a group. It is important that each member works to keep a positive attitude if the y expect the group to work well.No one wants to attend a group where people are sour-faced. The best thing about designing by groupism is the results of a project are much better than individual projects if people work symbiotically. In other groups, Jee Hye noticed the final product was not as good as this one. Usually, one person takes alike much work. Others do not participate, and still others participate too much. It makes the project not really a groupism project. It means some people do nothing. Some do everything. Others tell

Letter to the Instructor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Letter to the Instructor - Essay ExampleSimilarly, your classes provided me with opportune tip to improve on my grammatical weaknesses such as punctuation and sentence structures. The awareness of my strengths and weakness as a writer have facilitated my personal maturation through optimization of my excellent skills and mitigation of my writing weaknesses.I was most driven and pleased by the narrative essay among the four forms of essay that we cover in the course work. The utmost level of creativity and anecdote pertaining to the narrative essay demanded prolific and versatile writing skills from the writers hence I ground it much interesting to work on. On the other hand, summary and receipt essays did not elicit my creativity and hence were less pleasing to me. In addition, summary and response essays proved cumbersome as one had to critically understand the subject topic and related metadata such as the authors name and the consideration of the narrative.Additionally, my e xamination of the four forms of essay that we covered, revealed varied level of difficulty for each. Personally, I classified the narrative essay as the most complex and challenging. The skill of expression which is the foundation of every spectacular literary work was highly demanded in the development and completion of the narrative essay. Closely related to the narrative essay was the translation of the concept a research paper which was basically the theoretical framework of a research paper. The theoretical framework is characterized by robust research concerning info from other sources, theories and concepts pertain to the subject topic, followed by elaborate synthesize and synergy of the varied information to develop a single holistic viewpoint. I found the difficulty level of the summary and response essay to be moderate. Unlike other forms of essays, I was readily provided with materials

Management of change - Organisational Environment Essay

Management of change - Organisational Environment - Essay ExampleFrom that humble, but enterprising start (With ii routs and two planes, they carried 82 passengers in one year), Michael OLeary, its CEO, under whom it underwent an organisational change that took it to unbelievably dizzy heights with the following fantastic growth rateNot sole(prenominal) are there different types of change, which manifest themselves in different organisations, change also appears differently at different levels of an organisation and in its various functions, sr. (2002, p. 57).Michael OLeary adopted low fares, no frills policy and in 10 years, Ryanair had carried 2.25 million passengers and was voted Best Managed National Airline by International Aviation Week Magazine. It launched its own website and interchange tickets directly to passengers monopolising 95% of the total bookings. It can be conceptualised as Mintzbergs Entrepreneurial Organisational form. ..tends to be low in formalisation and s tandardisation, but high in centralization with authority localised in a single person, Senior (p. 103).In 2004, it recorded its first loss of 3.3 million and OLeary warned of a bloodbath out of which only 2 or 3 airlines would emerge winners, assuming Ryanair would be the first one. Now with more countries in EU, Ryanair has cut its losses and looking upwards again, with EasyJet, Air Berlin, Germanwings, Translavia as its main competitors. It remains one of the most controversial companies, praised and criticised in equal measure for populism, challenging the establishment within the airline industry, deceptive advertisements, trade union policies, and pigheaded ways reflecting OLeary personality. It is also accused of poor treatment to passengers, refusing to provide accommodation or meal vouchers when flights are cancelled, for poorly treating disabled passengers, ill treating its employees, flying into little airports away from the cities, for vicious attacks on opponents (Ma ry ORourke - Conflict of Organisations and Ryanair has to deal with many Governmental authorities as in Interdependence concept), offensive in-house advertising, and for its old second-hand airliners. It receives subsidies from European airports and EC believes that this is against EU competition laws. Whatever the criticisms are, Ryanair has proved to be a management and business marvel with its never-say-die grit. Its concept can be connected with condition Pricing Power pricing attempts the impossible, namely to increase profit and value simultaneously, www.wirtschaft.uni- kassel.de/marketing/downloads/Interview.pdf The European Management Journal, Vol.19, No.5, pp. 472-480, October 2001. Its strategic interaction flourishes on the perpetually crisp Strategic Management, focussing on Price competition amongst low cost carriers. Ryanair is definitely not a prisoner of circumstances and has shown immense capability to set up above every hostile situation. It has to look for some times rude, to keep its expenses low and that could draw flak. Its main wealth is the remarkable leadership provided by OLeary, based on Leadership qualities of Management, especially that of Directive leadership. The

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed - Essay ExampleI would give care to raise significant insights after reading your apologetic writing A Grief Observed some weeks ago (Lewis 1). This is because the descriptions of incidents in the text inspired impregnable reactions in me. Furthermore, the writing stimulated my thinking consequently motivating me to have a conversation with you. This is because I admit that grieving after the demise of a friend or a loved one is a horrible experience for persons universally. I also admit that love causes peoples behavior to transform for advance and occasionally to their detriment than any aspect of peoples life (Parrish & Parrish 61). However, my response to the text concerns offering information about peoples reaction to bereavement and their conviction during such situations in my culture. Furthermore, I would like to offer information basing on how love currently adapts while faced with various repugns in the historical moments. Descrip tions offered in the text A Grief Observed regarding love presents some similarities and inconsistencies in my culture (Lewis 3). The bereavement as observed by the text is a challenge to love and loved ones. The demise of a loved one currently makes people in my culture feel worse off because life becomes ho-hum after such a scenario. In the present time, people can remarry after losing partners (Eldredge 117). As the author of this text, you did not consider remarrying to minimize your abject caused by the demise of your partner. Furthermore, remaining unmarried is socially dangerous as depicted by how people treated you thereafter. It is commendable that crimson though you already assumed a confirmed bachelor title then at fifty six years you opted to marry a divorcee. Furthermore, you married someone you knew suffered from atomic number 76 cancer a clearly risky decision. These happened because of the love that you had for Helen. Although, you attempted to assume the absence of Helen arguing that love is not the whole of a mans life realities hit and your memories sprung back to her (Cassidy & Shaver 49). This shows that true love is extremely strong that it becomes exceedingly hard to forget a love one even after the demise. Presently, love adapts to such horrific incidents through remarriage and overwhelming love that people around victims offer. While applauding your courage to venture into marriage at that by and by date, I have to question your motive for doing so (Lewis 6). This is because I have never seen anyone marry at that age in my culture. Persons tend to find partners in much earlier ages. The love that matinee idol offers man remains unquestionable though you initially discredited this during your bereavement. The love for the welfare of other people, which God hence has for persons he calls his children existed in you (Howell 54). The demise of Helen does not connote the absence of Gods love upon you. This is because God does not only show the love that he has over people by making them live continuously. Persons in my culture presently comprehend that the demise of their close partners is only a way that God fulfils his promises. The descriptions offered in the text regarding the availability of God necessarily emerge from the bereavement and the feeling that God neglects you. The text argues that seeking God in happiness with hold and commendation then he gladly

Honor killing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Honor killing - Essay ExampleIn most cases, males ignore a females opinion and role yet they are allowed to use her as they wished by forcing her to get married to others or requiring her to do certain tasks without pursuit her approval. Not only that, but when those females disagree and disobey the orders, which are the males orders in this case, or they tried to escape, they are exposed to serious threats much(prenominal) as honor killing because of the fear that they would ruin the family reputation.If I could go back in Time is a song that was produced by DAM, a Palestinian hip-hop band. The song is about the tragedy of a young Arab girl who was killed by her brother under the fathers supervision. Indeed, the girl was forced to an staged marriage that pushed her to escape. However, her mother found out before the girl ran away and told her father and brother, who rushed in killing her to protect the honor of the family and prevent her from shaming the familys name. The song re ceived several positive and negative critiques from the people. However, the band replied to one of the critiques that they found both unpleasant and insulting, which was received from Lila Abu Lughad and Maya Mikdashi. The two expressed their opinion on their shock with the production of the song that expressed women rights from a cultural perspective rather than a political lens.Lila Abu Lughad and Maya Mikdashi commented on the song by indicating their disappointment with the caprice of the song that indicated that fury against women in the Palestinian societies is merely rooted in culture and tradition. Indeed, Abu Lughad and Mikdashi indicated that the song only blamed culture and traditions and that it is the reason for using violence against women, when there are many other reasons that can escalate violence against women that were ignored by the band such as the economic and

LG Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LG Electronics - Essay ExampleRecently, it has included Mobile Phones with various specifications in its enriched product line up. The participations annual turnover in the year 2009 has recorded 13089 crores (LG Electronics, 2012). In relevant to the companys various products, the two divisions i.e. the home appliances and the electronics goods are fit(p) on the capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group Matrix (BCG) where the upper right quadrant is the electronics division and the lower left quadrant is the appliance division. The BCG Matrix introduced by Boston Consulting Group, is an instrument that allows the company to evaluate and to classify its products as well as services. Furthermore, it is a decision making tool that helps to balance the activities of an organisation related to the products that play profits and signify harvest-tide in order to sustain the future of the company. The matrix helps to implement the development policies of the company. The BCG matrix pos itions the products in two ways, namely, the rate of growth of the market and the market share of the product contrary to its competitors (Luxinnovation G.I.E, 2008). Findings The structure of BCG matrix consists of four quadrants namely, Stars, Question marks, Cash cows and Dogs. In this context, the two divisions of the company are located on the Question marks and Cash cows. ... The company emphasised on capturing higher market share by sales maximisation. However, the presence of grating competition due to a number of competitors such as Samsung which offers products targeted to the entire age groups and classes of society, barred LG from penetrating into new business markets and attaining higher share of the market. The cash cows quadrant consists of products that generate higher profits in a short period of time which need to be replaced because of the low growth in the future, as a result of that the investments are comparatively lower. Moreover, the products in cash cows sh ould be profitable as they are able to finance new(prenominal) activities in the stars and the question marks (Scribd Inc, 2012). LGs home appliances are its core products that the company is based upon. The 60 inch Plasma Display Panels were the worlds first, to be introduced by the company in the year 1998 (LG Electronics, 2012). In the following years, the company developed various creative and sophisticated products which ultimately raised spacious market share and facilitated the company to generate huge profits. Its low cost features and maintenance free appliances have ensured the companys products to be present in almost all the households thereby, satisfying and growing among its targeted segment, mostly the females in the family. Recommendations The smart phones introduced in the markets are required to go through a drastically innovative change that will allow the product to mark a presence in the market and compete against its rivals. It has been noted that the company priced its mobile phone devices at a comparatively cheaper prices in order to target the middle and lower class people. However, in following this strategy the company relied more on providing

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still Essay

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still presenting a uniquely american prespective - Essay ExampleFor example, in the film Spiderman, when the super hero saves her, the character of Aunt May says, Everybody loves a hero. People line up for them.just to get a glimpse of the one who taught them how to hold on a second longer. I believe theres a hero in all of us, that keeps us honest, gives us strength, makes us nobleIn mythology, a classic hero is a character who has a problem and must fight to overcome it. In classic mythology, a hero always had to make a journey and he is required to pass through many tests and ordeals as he comes up against forces of evil, however what ultimately helps him to overcome the ordeal and win is confronting his own nature.(Campbell, 1993). According to Campbell, the mythological hero sets forth from his hut or castle and proceeds to the limen of adventure. There he must move forward fighting the forces of evil in the world of da rkness and evil. When he returns , the boon that he brings is able to touch on the world. This hero journey model essentially begins with the introduction of the character and his problem, then it follows him through several stages until he finally gets his reward.This classic pattern is also reiterated in Spiderman, whose alter ego is Peter Parker, the typically conflicted hero who is nerdy and a geek, but who rises above his limitations to achieve self knowledge and becomes a force to reckon with, as he fights the forces of evil so that good can triumph. At first, he is just an ordinary guy who lives with his aunt and Uncle and pines for the girl next door bloody shame Jane who is the shallow but popular school leaders girlfriend. The threshold of the adventure begins when Parker is bitten by a spider and acquires unusual powers, such as the index to spin webs, a spider sense which tingles in the presence of evil and superb acrobatic strength. He then begins the

Alignment of IT Strategy CP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alignment of IT Strategy CP - Essay ExampleThis paper will candidly and comprehensively explicate why an IT scheme focus on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is the most effective way to support any kind of overall agate line strategy.Firstly, from a vaguest and broadest perspective, cutting-edge technology can be described as technological techniques and/or devices that are at the frontier of knowledge, but have been used for a relatively long time jettisoning the unreliability threats to users. Apparently, with cutting-edge technology, a business stays informed on the feasibility of their objects and the possibility of its strategy succeeding. Hence, an IT strategy focused on maintain cutting-edge technology enables the business to triumph by guaranteeing that decisions will be made based on latest available knowledge (Keyes, 2005). Any incongruity of information or rather information asymmetry that would have torpedoed the businesss plan can be thwarted finished implementation of IT strategies pinpointed on cutting-edge technology.Additionally, in the past, organizations were unable to bridge the fissure between business and IT professionals due to the perceived dissimilarities in culture, objectives, mutual ignorance and incentives. Consequently, the IT systems proved to be expensive and unable to deliver sufficient returns on investment. However, an IT strategy centered on cutting-edge technology position helps the present organizations to maximize value on investments by openly defining who is responsible for the attainment of certain goals and objectives and unequivocally specifies the indispensable resources (Keyes, 2005). Moreover, the misunderstanding often associated with incorporation of technology into the management of a business is eliminated and replaced with a mutual understanding of how the businesss strategies or objectives will be attained. For

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

2 - Assignment ExampleThe company owns over 7 million hectares of land crosswise the Northern Territory and Queensland. The companys strategy is to operate in diversified agri avocation operations and bring innovation in existing business practices in order to achieve long term gains. ActivEX Limited is an Australian mineral and exploration company that specialises in identifying, acquiring, and distribution of minerals. The company aims to increase shareholders nurse by investing into quality projects including minerals such as gold, copper, cobalt, etc. The company is involved in activities such as drilling, soil testing and mapping, data compilation, and reviewing. Adcorp Australia is a leading advertising agency owned locally and offers services including branding, advertising, creative design, event management, media planning and promotions. a) The monthly returns of the three companies are calculated using the following formula Monthly return = (Current adjusted close price/Pr evious adjusted close price) 1 The historical prices of the three companies are obtained from Yahoo pay and the individual monthly returns of the three chosen stocks are shown in the appendices section. The period under view was for 61 months ending on Dec 31, 2012. The calculations are do in the MS-Excel spreadsheet application using the above formula to calculate monthly returns. Then the average monthly return is calculated using the Excel hunt down AVERAGE that computes the average of given numbers. The standard deviations of adjusted closing prices are calculated using the STDEV function of MS-Excel. Standard deviation is the measure of risk of investing which measures the stock volatility over a given period of time. The expected return from the stock is calculated using the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) approach, where there is the conception of Beta. From the above summarised risk-return analysis, it can be said that the returns of all the three stocks are equal since beta is very close to zero but it is positive. This means that investiture in either of the companies is safe as it is apparent that the standard deviation of market index (AORD) is more(prenominal) volatile than the chosen stocks. From the theory of risk-return, it can be said that the higher(prenominal) the risk, the higher would be potential return. This is true in case of AORD since the risk borne by the investor must be compensated by higher expected returns. When the individual stocks of the companies are compared to AORD, it can be said that all the three stocks have lower standard deviation or risk associated with investment. This would rather mean that the returns from these stocks would be lower due to less associated risk. This can be verified from the expected return that calculates the estimated return from the stock using CAPM. In this study it was found that expected return of AORD was higher than the three chosen stocks due to a higher risk. Also, for the gi ven return, the rational investor would select the stock that is least godforsaken and in this study riskiness of investment is determined using standard deviation. A higher value of standard deviation means that the stock is more risky and vice versa. From the above table, it can be said that Activex Limited is the least risky (the lowest standard deviation among other two stocks) and Australian Agriculture Co. Ltd is the riskiest (the highest standard deviation among other two stocks). b) In order to estimate the beta for each of three chosen

The Beginning of Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

The Beginning of gracious Rights motility in the U.S. EssayBeing a blackness in America means trying to smile when you want to cry. It means trying to h senior on to physical lifetime amid psychological death. It means the pain in the ass of watching your children grow up with clouds of inferiority in their mental skies. It means having their legs off, and because being condemned for being a cripple.1 These were the words of Martin Luther King Jr.. For nearly 80 years after being freed from slavery, African-Americans suffered under the discrimi soil and separatism of their fellow Americans. After World War II, African-Americans were ready for change and the nation could feel the indispensable Civil Rights Movement coming. With nonviolence and motivation the Civil Rights wheels were set in motion light-emitting diode by determined leaders and brave youth, which would befuddle a permanent effect on American society. After the Civil War ended on June 22nd, 1865 and the Ema ncipation Proclamation was enforced in the last states that even so had slaves. With the passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, African-Americans had for the first time in history the privileges of citizenship and the right to vote.Unfortunately, with the withdrawal of federal troops from the southernmost, the situation for African-Americans, all across the nation, would only shed until the Civil Rights Movement starting in 1954, keeping most African-Americans unable to vote making them economically and politically powerless.2 Many unsuccessful attempts for well-bred rights, unsupportive presidents, and violence from groups like the Ku Klux Klan made Civil Rights progress nearly impossible for nearly 80 years, even under the support from organizations such as the NAACP. African-Americans had to abide by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws in many parts of America and faced daily discrimination. Segregation under Black Codes and Jim Crow laws became a part of daily life for Af rican-Americans all over America. The separate but equal reasoning was backed by the US Supreme court in the Plessy v. Ferguson case after a Louisiana Law stated that railroads must provide equal but separate accommodations for the duster, and colored, race.3 African-Americans tried to push Civil Rights on different occasions such asWorld War II, where the idea of a Double V (spreading democracy abroad and at position for African Americans) began after James G. Thompson wrote a letter to the Pittsburgh Courier in 1942 let colored Americans adopt the double VV for a double victory.4 though somewhat successful with the passing of the Fair Employment do work, most consider the Civil Rights Movement to begin after the Brown v. Board of Education case5 in 1954, ruling segregated schooling unconstitutional.The Brown v. Board of Education was a major(ip) step in the Civil Rights Movement. One of the first attempts to integrate a school in Little Rock, Arkansas received national attentio n after the nine black students who were selected to join a previously white graduate(prenominal) school were met by an angry mob. chairman Eisenhower had to send troops in just so that these students could go to school unharmed, a headliner that shocked the nation.6 This would non be the only violent reaction to the Civil Rights Movement. The majority of Civil Rights activists, though, believed in nonviolence.7 Martin Luther King Jr., a leader in the Civil Rights Movement who was a supporter of nonviolence, said, Nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon. It is a sword that heals. (It) cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.8 This nonviolent approach to Civil Rights could be seen in the way African-Americans used Buses to break down segregation both in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 and the Freedom Rides in 1961. Claudette Colvin was 15 years old when she was arrested for refusing to move to the black section of a bus.Nine months later, a more famous bus a rrest happened to Rosa Parks. Martin Luther King Jr. saw the luck to start a mass boycott coordinated the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), of which he was president of.9 The boycott lasted 13 months and was a major success, when bus segregation was abolished in Montgomery. This proved that peaceful methods could be used to successfully achieve change for Civil Rights. Another popular nonviolent method of civilized disobedience were the Sit-ins. One famous sit-in was lead by the Greensboro Four a group of four African-American college students who sat at the lunch predict of a segregated store, sparking a wave of similar sit-ins around the country.10 The nonviolent mindset of many Civil Rights activists was often not reflected in the resistance they met, in particular in Southern states. The Freedom Rides of 1961 were originally led by thirteen college students, seven black and six white, who traveled withinterstate Greyhound buses from the North to the South to detain t he segregated busing system and segregation at the interstate transportation facilities.11 As the movement grew in numbers and recognition, so did the violence that met them when the buses rolled into the South.Angry white mobs, mainly made up of KKK members, threw firebombs and beat and tortured the students as they stumbled out of the burning buses. As media caught wind of this and images began circulating, the nation was shocked. The solventual desegregation on the interstate buses was pushed in most part by the newly elected President washstand F. Kennedy and his brother, the Attorney General, Robert Kennedy.12 In the election of 1960, the two candidates were Richard Nixon for the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy for the Democratic Party, though he was part of a more liberal part of the Democratic party, causing much of the South to be somewhat indecisive in their support.13 The election ended up being one of the closest elections of US history, and Kennedy won mainly due to the first-ever televised presidential debate. Kennedy was good-looking, and charismatic whereas Nixon was nervous and sweating unprepared for the media.14 He appointed his brother, Attorney General shortly thereafter. President Kennedy was a supporter of civil rights, but had to choose between the support of the South and his belief in civil rights, so he started taking only small steps towards progress. His brother was also a supporter of Civil Rights and helped by integrating the governance.Many Civil Rights activists, who were hoping Kennedys would kick the Civil Rights Movement into motion were disappointed by the slow process. Kennedy changed his cautious approach after violence escalated in the town of Birmingham, Alabama as a result of a peaceful protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. The Birmingham Campaign of 1963 was located in Birmingham, Alabama, considered at the time to be Americas most segregated city. Martin Luther King Jr. took up the challenge of desegregating this town believing that if he could successfully desegregate the town of Birmingham, he could desegregate any town in America. A court order was obtained by the city against the protests, though Martin Luther King Jr., on with the other leaders of the movement decided to disobey the order and continue.King was arrested and kept in solitary confinement for eight days.15 The campaign leader came up with the idea to bring young people and even children into the protest, representing innocent and pure intentions ofyoung Civil Rights activists.16 On May 2nd, thousands of young people protested and hundreds were arrested. Images of policemen clubbing, shooting with richly powered hoses, and releasing dogs on the youth flooded the media, causing once again, a very outraged nation. Pressure mounted on the government and President Kennedy. Kennedy, who had only been dipping his feet in the Civil Rights Movement until that moment, now cannonballed his way into full-fledged support of Civi l Rights after giving a very clear core in his Civil Rights Address on June 11th, 1963, The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them.17 In this dustup he also declared that he was going to visualize an act allowing all Americans to use public facilities without facing discrimination or segregation, continuing the integration of schools, and other features, such as more protection for voters. This would be know as the Civil Rights puzzle out, and would be passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Though the government had proved supportive in this case, many in the government tried to suppress the Civil Rights Movement, such as J. Edgar vacuum-clean, the director of the FBI from 1924 to 1972.Many of the direct attacks on the Civil Rights Movement came from groups like the Ku Klux Klan and policemen, but the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover led a much more invasive attack on the movement and Dr. King in particular. J. Edgar Hoover was a white supremacist with no unselfishness for Civil Rights and spent much of his time trying to discredit the movement and Dr. King. Even as the Red Scare died down in the 1950s, being charge of communism or affiliations with communism was often a serious blow to a persons career and reputation.18 The FBI and J. Edgar Hoover were also responsible for investigations against communist activities. Hoover used an allegation of communism to keep Martin Luther King Jr. and the movement under constant investigation and surveillance. He used tapes of Kennedy affairs as blackmail, so that President Kennedy would allow him to wiretap Kings phones in October 1963. What he found though, were not communist activities, but affairs King had. The FBI then mailed the tapes to him, encouraging him to commit suicide to spare him public embarrassment.19 The FBI continued investigating King even after the Civil Rights morsel of 1964 was p assed, when the FBIs debt instrument of investigating crimes against civil rights greatly increased.20 After King spoke out against the Vietnam War in1967, the FBI saw this as proof that he was being influenced by communist advisers.However when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, the FBI launched a successful investigation finding his killer. Martin Luther King Jr.s most famous speech, I have a dream, was given at the March on Washington on August 28th, 1963, the largest peaceful rally of the time with around 250,000 people of all ages, races, and walks of life. The serve had been planned in 1941 by A. Philip Randolph for equality in the jobs market, but never happened after Randolph threatened the 100,000 strong march to President Roosevelt and Roosevelt passed the Fair Employment Act.21 The event was sponsored by numerous organizations and people. There were also a variety of speakers (among them a rabbi representing the overwhelming proportion of Jewish supporters of the civil rights movement22) and musicians including Bob Dylan.23 The most memorable moment, was of course, the speech of Martin Luther King Jr. towards the end of the event. This historical speech was not only on Civil Rights, but also of the dream that King had of a nation where blacks and whites would live together in friendship and acceptance.24 After the historical march, King and other Civil Rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson to prove the necessity the complete support of Civil Rights.25 Some of the terms discussed in the aftermath of the March on Washington were reflected the the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act after Kennedy was assassinated. President Kennedy was the hope and inspiration of many young Americans of the Baby Boomer generation, especially African-Americans. In the midst of campaigning for his second term, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22nd, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. This stunned the Ameri can people and caused a wave confusion and grieving. The resulting mood was one of grief and apprehension of the future of the American government. Kennedys vice president was Lyndon B. Johnson, an avid supporter of Civil Rights and social justice, but also known for his arm-twisting methods of getting things through Congress and being a drunkard, was somewhat of a love-hate figure of American Politics. He used his questionable methods to push Kennedys proposed Civil Rights Act through Congress in 1964. The Act made it illegal for private businesses to discriminate, effectively destroying the Jim Crow system and making Civil Rights crimes a matter of the federal court, not the state court.The act was a huge step forward, butdid not address voting rights. Voting rights were passed in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 after a wave of violence in the town of Selma, Alabama when a nonviolent campaign to register African-American voters led by Martin Luther King Jr. and many Civil Rights lea ders marched its way from Selma to Montgomery. Things began escalating about a month in on February 2nd, 1965 when a young African-American was shot to death by a state-trooper after trying to protect his mother from the police.26 This sparked the Selma to Montgomery March on March 7th, 1965. The march met a police blockade in Selma with clubs and tear gas and that day became known as Bloody Sunday, sparking national outrage. The march continued and was continually met by police and KKK brutality and added deaths. On August 6th, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act the events in Selma greatly impacting the act. This is considered the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement.27 The movement began to stray from the nonviolent tradition in the late 1960s and especially after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968. Many African-Americans in the North felt left out from the successes of the Civil Rights.The suburb g ardening of the 1950s and 60s led to a flood of rich white Americans moving out of the cities, leaving the poor African-Americans in the North, stuck in a cycle of poverty and crime. The more militant movement challenging Martin Luther King Jr.s ideas was led by Malcolm X, formally part of the Nation of Islam. He promoted the idea of black pride and that African-Americans should defend themselves against white aggression.28 Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965, but his ideas of black pride led to the Black Power movement, empowering African-Americans and impart a sense of pride among them. Unfortunately it also promoted a very macho culture, which was not very womens rights friendly. Many consider the Civil Rights Movement to have ended in 1968, and may believe that racism is a thing of the past and that this generation has learned, as Martin Luther King Jr. said, not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.29 Unfortunately, discrimination for many m inorities is a very real part of their life in America today.There is statistical data showing that problems like discrimination in the workplace30, wealth gaps between races31, and disproportionately high crime and internment rates for minorities exist. A study done in 2000 to 2002, showed that most employers called backapplicants with resumes with white-sounding names (versus black-sounding names) more often than not.32 Nonwhite families earned approx. 65% of what white families earned in 2012.33 This gap between whites and minorities is a battle still being fought today. Many believe that the minorities are also unrepresented in the government, thus hindering any major progress for minorities. The Civil Rights movement was a movement against hundreds of years of oppression and discrimination. It was a movement that swept the country and changed the culture and politics of America forever, led by determined, courageous leaders whose names will always be remembered. It opened the economic, political, and social doors that African-Americans had never had the privilege to explore in the days of segregation and discrimination. Though racism will probably always be present in some form, the impact of the civil rights movement was a necessary and infallible step for all of mankind.

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior EssayViolent behavior is a central theme in many kinds of media. Television and movies depict violent behaviors as acceptable focal points of communicating and resolving problematic social situations (Strasburger Donnerstein, 1999). During the 20th century, Americans were introduced to a wide variety of media technology, including tvs, digital computers, video cas sterilizete players and handheld electronic machines (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Although television is but ace of the many media venues, it represents the predominant medium to which very small children are exposed.The 1972 report to the Surgeon General open that 96% of American homes nourish one or much television sets and the average home set is on more than six hours a day and frequent viewing usually begins at around age 3 and remains relatively mellowed until about age 12 (1972, pp. 1-2). Kaisers study (1999) found that children spend up to 40 hou rs per week in front of the television. For children under the age of 7, Wright et al. (1994) found that media photograph averaged just over four hours per day. Other studies have concurred that the television has mother a predominant medium of experience for the child.In a 1990 position paper, the NAEYC utter that the trend toward increased depiction of violence in the media jeopardizes the healthy development of significant numbers of our nations children (1990, p. 18). The viewing experience is game uply complex, subjective, and dependent upon the childs level of cognitive and activated understanding (Wright et al. , 1994). Social scientists and policy makers have expressed concern about the dominance negative impact of moving picture of violence on children (Bushman Geen, 1990).They have explored the negative impact longitudinally, both experimentally and observationally, and found that children as young as 2 and into adolescence are adversely affected by televised viol ence. Studies show that subsequently viewing violent plans, the child behaved hostilely and imitated the scenes of the violent behavior in his play (Anderson Bushman 2001). This paper explores the current state of research in this area and seeks for the birth between television projecting and childhood violence. Television and ViolenceThe most recent large-scale longitudinal study was initiated in 1994 by researchers at the Universities of California, Texas, Wisconsin, and northerly Carolina. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) was deemed the largest scientific study of television violence ever undertaken (Federman, 1998). NTVS involved a trine-year effort (1994-1997) to review violence in televised computer programming. It examined three areas of concern televised programming context, factors that either positively or negatively alter the risk of viewing violence, and the interactions between programming and the viewers.In this study, nearly 10,000 hours of telev ised cross-channel programming were examined using five major groupings broadcast networks, independent broadcast, public broadcast, basic cable, and premium cable. The authors found that 61% of programs contain violence. By the third year of the study, at that place was more violent interaction observed across the programs analyzed. Specific to the younger child, the study found that childrens programs, as a genre, contained the greatest share (50%) of all big violent interactions, as hale as the highest ratio of interactions per hour (. 75) (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 175).Child-oriented cable programs such as those on Cartoon Network, Disney, or Nickelodeon contained the most high risk violent interactions (27%), compared to general-entertainment basic cable (24%), independent broadcast (19%), and premium cable (17%) (Federman, 1998). Early morning viewing, which is primarily child-foc expendd cartoon programming, has at least one high-risk violent presentation every hour. In one week, a child is exposed to at least 20 violent behavior depictions, and in one year over 1,000, if he watches three hours of early morning television a day (Federman, 1997-1998).The authors also found that over the course of three years there was little change in the overall number of violent programs. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in the portraitures of violent incidents per program and childrens programs continued to depict violence in animated stories (Federman, Vol. 2, 1998). In many of these violent interactions, the main character did not experience any appropriate consequences for assertive behavior. One of the goals of the NTVS was to encourage more responsible television programming and viewing.The study emphasized the message that understanding the impact of viewed televised violence offers an opportunity to significantly curtail the risks to society that are posed by exposure to televised violence. Young Childs Experience of Violence The American m edia is rife with portrayals of justified violence (Federman, 1997-1998). The good guy beatniks up the cock-a-hoop guy, and laughter or expressions of glee follow hurtful acts. This conveys the message that trespass is an acceptable way to solve problems and express frustration.Children of all ages watch television and videos on a daily basis and are exposed to acts of violence that potentially shape their way of thinking and behaving (Minow Lamay, 1995, p. 36) Cartoons feature patterns that are more likely to encourage aggression in children, especially if they are under the age of seven (Boyatzis et al. , 1987). Aggressive behaviors, often portrayed in the genre of living aimed at children, are confusing for the young child. The stories presented as humorous, with laughter accompanying actions that are hostile and fast-growing(a).This may lead to a decrease in his potential fear of danger and may also foster desensitization to harmful situations (Federman, 1997-1998). Signific ant results revealed that televised violence is changing the behavior of children (Federman, 1997-1998). Individuals of all ages learn through observation. tercet important factors affect the impact of learning through modeling. First, the more engaging and attractive the model is, the more the viewer will stay attentive the slight appealing the character is, the more likely the viewer will be distracted or ignore the experience.The second compelling factor is the repeated exposure of the modeling stimuli. As a result of repeated exposure, modeling stimuli eventually produces enduring, retrievable images (Bandura, 1977, p. 25). The third factor, the complexity of the observed experience, affects the rate of observational learning. It is based on the observers capacity to process in scoreation. However, the young child may imitate without knowing what his behavior means.Bandura suggests that immediate imitation does not require much in the way of cognitive functioning because the b ehavioral reproduction is externally guided by the models action (Bandura, 1977, p. 27). Banduras research throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the inflatable Bobo doll demonstrated a relationship between viewing aggressive acts of behavior and performing them. He found that children would more often choose the Bobo doll to punch afterward viewing a televised violent program than reading a book or choosing a quiet game. Although Banduras work on modeling has been challenged over the years, there has been strong support.Later researchers have expanded Banduras initial studies, finding that the younger the child is, the more likely he will use imitation earlier than rational thinking to choose an appropriate, non-violent way of relating. Eron et al. (1972) reported a strong relationship between viewed violence at age 8 and aggressive behavior. lodge and Sparks (1984) found that preschool children have a greater fear response than older children and react accordingly to what they se e. Singer et al. (1999) concluded that there was a significant connective linking violent exposure with childrens self-reported violent behaviors.Boyatzis et al. s 1995 study of 52 elementary school children with a mean age 7 years, 9 months, showed how children reacted to watching an issue of The reason Rangers. They found that the childs aggressive tendency and lack of fear was immediate and markedly greater following an exposure to but a single chance of The Power Rangers. (Boyatzis et al. , 1995, p. 53). Animated programming such as The Power Rangers, Ninja Turtles characterizes the hero as attractive, strong, and powerful. These characters use violence to solve problematic situations and rescue the helpless victim.The NTVS found that a preschooler who watches an average of 2 hours a day of such content will 43 be exposed to at least 10 hazardous portrayals a week, and over 500 in a year (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 163). Other studies have documented the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive thought and action. For example, Josephson (1987) presented two television excerpts, one violent and one non-violent, to 396 third-grade boys from 13 schools. She hypothesized that there was a relationship between viewed violence and aggressive play behavior. importation was found in increased aggressive behavior in boys who played a game of hockey after watching a violent program. Boys who scored high on characteristic levels of aggressiveness used more aggressive behaviors in their hockey game if they were in the groups that viewed violence. Furthermore, she found that the boys who watched the violent show and were not stipulation verbal cues about appropriateness of the behavior played more aggressively after the tape than either the boys who watched a non-violent tape, or boys who watched a violent tape but were given verbal cues that commented on appropriateness of behavior(Josephson, 1987).Children are being presented with messages that i nvite aggressive ways of relating to resolve situations and handle life events (Groves 2002). Current televised shows use cartoons, as well as live actors, to display forms of aggression as a means of relating to others and solving problems. A significant shift in televised programming, though, has occurred with the portrayal of aggressive behavior through more real life characterization, as illustrated in shows like The Power Rangers.The visual experience of aggressive behavior has become more like real life to the child because instead of viewing animated characters using aggressive behavior, the child can now watch individuals resembling to himself transmogrify into violent machines (Boyatzis et al. , 1995). In this mechanical state, the portrayed behavior is violent and aggressive with the childs intention of solving a problem. Witnessing these aggressive acts of behavior gives the child a script to construct his social interactions. Since young children create and store behavi or that they see, viewing violence becomes a potential way of relating to an experience.Whether the televised programming is in the form of cartoons or real life, social scripts are constructed by the child and are then employed in day-to-day experiences (Groves 2002). Mitigating the Influence of Violent Television tied(p) though there have been numerous studies documenting the impact of televised violence on the behavior of children, the television industry has been reluctant to change violent programming (Singer et al. , 1999). As a result, recent research has focused on how to mitigate the experience of what the child sees rather than waiting for the industry to change what is presented to the public.The child uses internal processes, relying on cognitive and emotional capacities, to actively understand what has been experienced. In his efforts to understand these experiences, the child will find a way to concretize the experience into either emotional or behavioral responses. Y ounger children convey the assistance of another to understand what they experience because they are unable to adjust their viewing and comprehension activities in response to learning instructions (Field Anderson, 1985, p. 91). Collins, Sobol, and Westby (1981) studied 47 children with a mean age of 7. 8 years.Children who watched a program in the presence of an adult who provided ongoing scuttlebutt showed improved comprehension of the plot and the witnessed experiences. Without adult participation, the younger children remembered only the aggressive behaviors without remembering the link to either the motive or the consequence. Huesmann et al. (1983) sampled 169 first- and third-grade children over a two-year period. The focus of the study was to mitigate the relation between aggression and television violence viewing in children through an intervention that altered the childrens attitudes about aggression and violent shows (Huesmann et al. , 1983, p. 899).They found a signifi cant change in how the child responded to violence when the experimenter commented on the violent behavior. More children responded with appropriate answers when they were directly asked, what are the bad things that could happen when a child imitates the aggressive behavior of a character? St. Peters et al. (1991) found that the role of co-viewing by the parent with the child is beneficial. This study was conducted over a two-year period and involved the participation of 271 children, ages 3 to 5 years, and their parents.Parental comments about the televised material helped the children understand what they saw. The parents comments differentiated acceptable and non-acceptable behavior for the child. Young children need this clarification and guidance because they have relatively few internal structures to guide them in their behavior (St. Peters et al. , 1991). Kubey (1996) noted that network and cable programming are conflicting for some children, especially the young child. No amount of adult commenting will completely mitigate what a child experiences.Monitoring and limiting a childs quality of television shows to reduce the exposure to violent behaviors is similar to monitoring a childs choice of foods to ensure health and nutrition. Children are victims to the effects of exposure to violence. Parents are critically important as a resource for the child in his attempt to understand the world. Grover (2002) noted that the child who has been exposed to violence responds more favorably to a nurturing, sensitive and caring adult relationship.The more parents know about their childs changing capacities to understand the world, the better able they are to respond empathically and appropriately to the child (Garbarino, 1992). However, it is essential, as a parent is a primary resource to buffer, explain and clarify life experiences for the child that are beyond the childs capacity to understand ((Minow Lamay, 1995). The study by Singer et al. (1980) found t hat parents influenced their childrens perceptions of the importance of television by the type and amount of television viewing they had.Collins et al. (1981) found that parental commentary helped children understand the unuttered program content. The longitudinal study by St. Peters et al. (1991) of 3- and 5-year-olds and their families viewing patterns found that parents viewing choices play a role in determining a childs exposure to television programs. Conclusion Young children often copy the violent actions that they have witnessed. Banduras work on modeling in the field of social learning has been significant in conceptualizing the relationship between viewing violence and subsequent behaviors.The solution for ameliorating the impact of televised violence focuses on change in parental attitudes as well as profound changes in the entertainment industry. Changing parental attitudes and behavior toward media violence is more feasible than changing the way the entertainment indus try portrays violence. Educating parents about the childs cognitive and emotional developmental capacities has been recommended widely as one solution to lessen the potential impact of media violence.ReferencesAnderson, C, Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. American Psychological Society, 12, pp. 353-359. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Boyatzis, C. J. , Matillo, G. M. , Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), pp. 45-55.