Honor killing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Honor killing - Essay ExampleIn most cases, males ignore a females opinion and role yet they are allowed to use her as they wished by forcing her to get married to others or requiring her to do certain tasks without pursuit her approval. Not only that, but when those females disagree and disobey the orders, which are the males orders in this case, or they tried to escape, they are exposed to serious threats much(prenominal) as honor killing because of the fear that they would ruin the family reputation.If I could go back in Time is a song that was produced by DAM, a Palestinian hip-hop band. The song is about the tragedy of a young Arab girl who was killed by her brother under the fathers supervision. Indeed, the girl was forced to an staged marriage that pushed her to escape. However, her mother found out before the girl ran away and told her father and brother, who rushed in killing her to protect the honor of the family and prevent her from shaming the familys name. The song re ceived several positive and negative critiques from the people. However, the band replied to one of the critiques that they found both unpleasant and insulting, which was received from Lila Abu Lughad and Maya Mikdashi. The two expressed their opinion on their shock with the production of the song that expressed women rights from a cultural perspective rather than a political lens.Lila Abu Lughad and Maya Mikdashi commented on the song by indicating their disappointment with the caprice of the song that indicated that fury against women in the Palestinian societies is merely rooted in culture and tradition. Indeed, Abu Lughad and Mikdashi indicated that the song only blamed culture and traditions and that it is the reason for using violence against women, when there are many other reasons that can escalate violence against women that were ignored by the band such as the economic and

LG Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LG Electronics - Essay ExampleRecently, it has included Mobile Phones with various specifications in its enriched product line up. The participations annual turnover in the year 2009 has recorded 13089 crores (LG Electronics, 2012). In relevant to the companys various products, the two divisions i.e. the home appliances and the electronics goods are fit(p) on the capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group Matrix (BCG) where the upper right quadrant is the electronics division and the lower left quadrant is the appliance division. The BCG Matrix introduced by Boston Consulting Group, is an instrument that allows the company to evaluate and to classify its products as well as services. Furthermore, it is a decision making tool that helps to balance the activities of an organisation related to the products that play profits and signify harvest-tide in order to sustain the future of the company. The matrix helps to implement the development policies of the company. The BCG matrix pos itions the products in two ways, namely, the rate of growth of the market and the market share of the product contrary to its competitors (Luxinnovation G.I.E, 2008). Findings The structure of BCG matrix consists of four quadrants namely, Stars, Question marks, Cash cows and Dogs. In this context, the two divisions of the company are located on the Question marks and Cash cows. ... The company emphasised on capturing higher market share by sales maximisation. However, the presence of grating competition due to a number of competitors such as Samsung which offers products targeted to the entire age groups and classes of society, barred LG from penetrating into new business markets and attaining higher share of the market. The cash cows quadrant consists of products that generate higher profits in a short period of time which need to be replaced because of the low growth in the future, as a result of that the investments are comparatively lower. Moreover, the products in cash cows sh ould be profitable as they are able to finance new(prenominal) activities in the stars and the question marks (Scribd Inc, 2012). LGs home appliances are its core products that the company is based upon. The 60 inch Plasma Display Panels were the worlds first, to be introduced by the company in the year 1998 (LG Electronics, 2012). In the following years, the company developed various creative and sophisticated products which ultimately raised spacious market share and facilitated the company to generate huge profits. Its low cost features and maintenance free appliances have ensured the companys products to be present in almost all the households thereby, satisfying and growing among its targeted segment, mostly the females in the family. Recommendations The smart phones introduced in the markets are required to go through a drastically innovative change that will allow the product to mark a presence in the market and compete against its rivals. It has been noted that the company priced its mobile phone devices at a comparatively cheaper prices in order to target the middle and lower class people. However, in following this strategy the company relied more on providing

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still Essay

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still presenting a uniquely american prespective - Essay ExampleFor example, in the film Spiderman, when the super hero saves her, the character of Aunt May says, Everybody loves a hero. People line up for them.just to get a glimpse of the one who taught them how to hold on a second longer. I believe theres a hero in all of us, that keeps us honest, gives us strength, makes us nobleIn mythology, a classic hero is a character who has a problem and must fight to overcome it. In classic mythology, a hero always had to make a journey and he is required to pass through many tests and ordeals as he comes up against forces of evil, however what ultimately helps him to overcome the ordeal and win is confronting his own nature.(Campbell, 1993). According to Campbell, the mythological hero sets forth from his hut or castle and proceeds to the limen of adventure. There he must move forward fighting the forces of evil in the world of da rkness and evil. When he returns , the boon that he brings is able to touch on the world. This hero journey model essentially begins with the introduction of the character and his problem, then it follows him through several stages until he finally gets his reward.This classic pattern is also reiterated in Spiderman, whose alter ego is Peter Parker, the typically conflicted hero who is nerdy and a geek, but who rises above his limitations to achieve self knowledge and becomes a force to reckon with, as he fights the forces of evil so that good can triumph. At first, he is just an ordinary guy who lives with his aunt and Uncle and pines for the girl next door bloody shame Jane who is the shallow but popular school leaders girlfriend. The threshold of the adventure begins when Parker is bitten by a spider and acquires unusual powers, such as the index to spin webs, a spider sense which tingles in the presence of evil and superb acrobatic strength. He then begins the

Alignment of IT Strategy CP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alignment of IT Strategy CP - Essay ExampleThis paper will candidly and comprehensively explicate why an IT scheme focus on maintaining a cutting-edge technology position is the most effective way to support any kind of overall agate line strategy.Firstly, from a vaguest and broadest perspective, cutting-edge technology can be described as technological techniques and/or devices that are at the frontier of knowledge, but have been used for a relatively long time jettisoning the unreliability threats to users. Apparently, with cutting-edge technology, a business stays informed on the feasibility of their objects and the possibility of its strategy succeeding. Hence, an IT strategy focused on maintain cutting-edge technology enables the business to triumph by guaranteeing that decisions will be made based on latest available knowledge (Keyes, 2005). Any incongruity of information or rather information asymmetry that would have torpedoed the businesss plan can be thwarted finished implementation of IT strategies pinpointed on cutting-edge technology.Additionally, in the past, organizations were unable to bridge the fissure between business and IT professionals due to the perceived dissimilarities in culture, objectives, mutual ignorance and incentives. Consequently, the IT systems proved to be expensive and unable to deliver sufficient returns on investment. However, an IT strategy centered on cutting-edge technology position helps the present organizations to maximize value on investments by openly defining who is responsible for the attainment of certain goals and objectives and unequivocally specifies the indispensable resources (Keyes, 2005). Moreover, the misunderstanding often associated with incorporation of technology into the management of a business is eliminated and replaced with a mutual understanding of how the businesss strategies or objectives will be attained. For

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

2 - Assignment ExampleThe company owns over 7 million hectares of land crosswise the Northern Territory and Queensland. The companys strategy is to operate in diversified agri avocation operations and bring innovation in existing business practices in order to achieve long term gains. ActivEX Limited is an Australian mineral and exploration company that specialises in identifying, acquiring, and distribution of minerals. The company aims to increase shareholders nurse by investing into quality projects including minerals such as gold, copper, cobalt, etc. The company is involved in activities such as drilling, soil testing and mapping, data compilation, and reviewing. Adcorp Australia is a leading advertising agency owned locally and offers services including branding, advertising, creative design, event management, media planning and promotions. a) The monthly returns of the three companies are calculated using the following formula Monthly return = (Current adjusted close price/Pr evious adjusted close price) 1 The historical prices of the three companies are obtained from Yahoo pay and the individual monthly returns of the three chosen stocks are shown in the appendices section. The period under view was for 61 months ending on Dec 31, 2012. The calculations are do in the MS-Excel spreadsheet application using the above formula to calculate monthly returns. Then the average monthly return is calculated using the Excel hunt down AVERAGE that computes the average of given numbers. The standard deviations of adjusted closing prices are calculated using the STDEV function of MS-Excel. Standard deviation is the measure of risk of investing which measures the stock volatility over a given period of time. The expected return from the stock is calculated using the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) approach, where there is the conception of Beta. From the above summarised risk-return analysis, it can be said that the returns of all the three stocks are equal since beta is very close to zero but it is positive. This means that investiture in either of the companies is safe as it is apparent that the standard deviation of market index (AORD) is more(prenominal) volatile than the chosen stocks. From the theory of risk-return, it can be said that the higher(prenominal) the risk, the higher would be potential return. This is true in case of AORD since the risk borne by the investor must be compensated by higher expected returns. When the individual stocks of the companies are compared to AORD, it can be said that all the three stocks have lower standard deviation or risk associated with investment. This would rather mean that the returns from these stocks would be lower due to less associated risk. This can be verified from the expected return that calculates the estimated return from the stock using CAPM. In this study it was found that expected return of AORD was higher than the three chosen stocks due to a higher risk. Also, for the gi ven return, the rational investor would select the stock that is least godforsaken and in this study riskiness of investment is determined using standard deviation. A higher value of standard deviation means that the stock is more risky and vice versa. From the above table, it can be said that Activex Limited is the least risky (the lowest standard deviation among other two stocks) and Australian Agriculture Co. Ltd is the riskiest (the highest standard deviation among other two stocks). b) In order to estimate the beta for each of three chosen

The Beginning of Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. Essay Example for Free

The Beginning of gracious Rights motility in the U.S. EssayBeing a blackness in America means trying to smile when you want to cry. It means trying to h senior on to physical lifetime amid psychological death. It means the pain in the ass of watching your children grow up with clouds of inferiority in their mental skies. It means having their legs off, and because being condemned for being a cripple.1 These were the words of Martin Luther King Jr.. For nearly 80 years after being freed from slavery, African-Americans suffered under the discrimi soil and separatism of their fellow Americans. After World War II, African-Americans were ready for change and the nation could feel the indispensable Civil Rights Movement coming. With nonviolence and motivation the Civil Rights wheels were set in motion light-emitting diode by determined leaders and brave youth, which would befuddle a permanent effect on American society. After the Civil War ended on June 22nd, 1865 and the Ema ncipation Proclamation was enforced in the last states that even so had slaves. With the passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, African-Americans had for the first time in history the privileges of citizenship and the right to vote.Unfortunately, with the withdrawal of federal troops from the southernmost, the situation for African-Americans, all across the nation, would only shed until the Civil Rights Movement starting in 1954, keeping most African-Americans unable to vote making them economically and politically powerless.2 Many unsuccessful attempts for well-bred rights, unsupportive presidents, and violence from groups like the Ku Klux Klan made Civil Rights progress nearly impossible for nearly 80 years, even under the support from organizations such as the NAACP. African-Americans had to abide by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws in many parts of America and faced daily discrimination. Segregation under Black Codes and Jim Crow laws became a part of daily life for Af rican-Americans all over America. The separate but equal reasoning was backed by the US Supreme court in the Plessy v. Ferguson case after a Louisiana Law stated that railroads must provide equal but separate accommodations for the duster, and colored, race.3 African-Americans tried to push Civil Rights on different occasions such asWorld War II, where the idea of a Double V (spreading democracy abroad and at position for African Americans) began after James G. Thompson wrote a letter to the Pittsburgh Courier in 1942 let colored Americans adopt the double VV for a double victory.4 though somewhat successful with the passing of the Fair Employment do work, most consider the Civil Rights Movement to begin after the Brown v. Board of Education case5 in 1954, ruling segregated schooling unconstitutional.The Brown v. Board of Education was a major(ip) step in the Civil Rights Movement. One of the first attempts to integrate a school in Little Rock, Arkansas received national attentio n after the nine black students who were selected to join a previously white graduate(prenominal) school were met by an angry mob. chairman Eisenhower had to send troops in just so that these students could go to school unharmed, a headliner that shocked the nation.6 This would non be the only violent reaction to the Civil Rights Movement. The majority of Civil Rights activists, though, believed in nonviolence.7 Martin Luther King Jr., a leader in the Civil Rights Movement who was a supporter of nonviolence, said, Nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon. It is a sword that heals. (It) cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.8 This nonviolent approach to Civil Rights could be seen in the way African-Americans used Buses to break down segregation both in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 and the Freedom Rides in 1961. Claudette Colvin was 15 years old when she was arrested for refusing to move to the black section of a bus.Nine months later, a more famous bus a rrest happened to Rosa Parks. Martin Luther King Jr. saw the luck to start a mass boycott coordinated the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), of which he was president of.9 The boycott lasted 13 months and was a major success, when bus segregation was abolished in Montgomery. This proved that peaceful methods could be used to successfully achieve change for Civil Rights. Another popular nonviolent method of civilized disobedience were the Sit-ins. One famous sit-in was lead by the Greensboro Four a group of four African-American college students who sat at the lunch predict of a segregated store, sparking a wave of similar sit-ins around the country.10 The nonviolent mindset of many Civil Rights activists was often not reflected in the resistance they met, in particular in Southern states. The Freedom Rides of 1961 were originally led by thirteen college students, seven black and six white, who traveled withinterstate Greyhound buses from the North to the South to detain t he segregated busing system and segregation at the interstate transportation facilities.11 As the movement grew in numbers and recognition, so did the violence that met them when the buses rolled into the South.Angry white mobs, mainly made up of KKK members, threw firebombs and beat and tortured the students as they stumbled out of the burning buses. As media caught wind of this and images began circulating, the nation was shocked. The solventual desegregation on the interstate buses was pushed in most part by the newly elected President washstand F. Kennedy and his brother, the Attorney General, Robert Kennedy.12 In the election of 1960, the two candidates were Richard Nixon for the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy for the Democratic Party, though he was part of a more liberal part of the Democratic party, causing much of the South to be somewhat indecisive in their support.13 The election ended up being one of the closest elections of US history, and Kennedy won mainly due to the first-ever televised presidential debate. Kennedy was good-looking, and charismatic whereas Nixon was nervous and sweating unprepared for the media.14 He appointed his brother, Attorney General shortly thereafter. President Kennedy was a supporter of civil rights, but had to choose between the support of the South and his belief in civil rights, so he started taking only small steps towards progress. His brother was also a supporter of Civil Rights and helped by integrating the governance.Many Civil Rights activists, who were hoping Kennedys would kick the Civil Rights Movement into motion were disappointed by the slow process. Kennedy changed his cautious approach after violence escalated in the town of Birmingham, Alabama as a result of a peaceful protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. The Birmingham Campaign of 1963 was located in Birmingham, Alabama, considered at the time to be Americas most segregated city. Martin Luther King Jr. took up the challenge of desegregating this town believing that if he could successfully desegregate the town of Birmingham, he could desegregate any town in America. A court order was obtained by the city against the protests, though Martin Luther King Jr., on with the other leaders of the movement decided to disobey the order and continue.King was arrested and kept in solitary confinement for eight days.15 The campaign leader came up with the idea to bring young people and even children into the protest, representing innocent and pure intentions ofyoung Civil Rights activists.16 On May 2nd, thousands of young people protested and hundreds were arrested. Images of policemen clubbing, shooting with richly powered hoses, and releasing dogs on the youth flooded the media, causing once again, a very outraged nation. Pressure mounted on the government and President Kennedy. Kennedy, who had only been dipping his feet in the Civil Rights Movement until that moment, now cannonballed his way into full-fledged support of Civi l Rights after giving a very clear core in his Civil Rights Address on June 11th, 1963, The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them.17 In this dustup he also declared that he was going to visualize an act allowing all Americans to use public facilities without facing discrimination or segregation, continuing the integration of schools, and other features, such as more protection for voters. This would be know as the Civil Rights puzzle out, and would be passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Though the government had proved supportive in this case, many in the government tried to suppress the Civil Rights Movement, such as J. Edgar vacuum-clean, the director of the FBI from 1924 to 1972.Many of the direct attacks on the Civil Rights Movement came from groups like the Ku Klux Klan and policemen, but the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover led a much more invasive attack on the movement and Dr. King in particular. J. Edgar Hoover was a white supremacist with no unselfishness for Civil Rights and spent much of his time trying to discredit the movement and Dr. King. Even as the Red Scare died down in the 1950s, being charge of communism or affiliations with communism was often a serious blow to a persons career and reputation.18 The FBI and J. Edgar Hoover were also responsible for investigations against communist activities. Hoover used an allegation of communism to keep Martin Luther King Jr. and the movement under constant investigation and surveillance. He used tapes of Kennedy affairs as blackmail, so that President Kennedy would allow him to wiretap Kings phones in October 1963. What he found though, were not communist activities, but affairs King had. The FBI then mailed the tapes to him, encouraging him to commit suicide to spare him public embarrassment.19 The FBI continued investigating King even after the Civil Rights morsel of 1964 was p assed, when the FBIs debt instrument of investigating crimes against civil rights greatly increased.20 After King spoke out against the Vietnam War in1967, the FBI saw this as proof that he was being influenced by communist advisers.However when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, the FBI launched a successful investigation finding his killer. Martin Luther King Jr.s most famous speech, I have a dream, was given at the March on Washington on August 28th, 1963, the largest peaceful rally of the time with around 250,000 people of all ages, races, and walks of life. The serve had been planned in 1941 by A. Philip Randolph for equality in the jobs market, but never happened after Randolph threatened the 100,000 strong march to President Roosevelt and Roosevelt passed the Fair Employment Act.21 The event was sponsored by numerous organizations and people. There were also a variety of speakers (among them a rabbi representing the overwhelming proportion of Jewish supporters of the civil rights movement22) and musicians including Bob Dylan.23 The most memorable moment, was of course, the speech of Martin Luther King Jr. towards the end of the event. This historical speech was not only on Civil Rights, but also of the dream that King had of a nation where blacks and whites would live together in friendship and acceptance.24 After the historical march, King and other Civil Rights leaders met with President Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson to prove the necessity the complete support of Civil Rights.25 Some of the terms discussed in the aftermath of the March on Washington were reflected the the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act after Kennedy was assassinated. President Kennedy was the hope and inspiration of many young Americans of the Baby Boomer generation, especially African-Americans. In the midst of campaigning for his second term, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22nd, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. This stunned the Ameri can people and caused a wave confusion and grieving. The resulting mood was one of grief and apprehension of the future of the American government. Kennedys vice president was Lyndon B. Johnson, an avid supporter of Civil Rights and social justice, but also known for his arm-twisting methods of getting things through Congress and being a drunkard, was somewhat of a love-hate figure of American Politics. He used his questionable methods to push Kennedys proposed Civil Rights Act through Congress in 1964. The Act made it illegal for private businesses to discriminate, effectively destroying the Jim Crow system and making Civil Rights crimes a matter of the federal court, not the state court.The act was a huge step forward, butdid not address voting rights. Voting rights were passed in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 after a wave of violence in the town of Selma, Alabama when a nonviolent campaign to register African-American voters led by Martin Luther King Jr. and many Civil Rights lea ders marched its way from Selma to Montgomery. Things began escalating about a month in on February 2nd, 1965 when a young African-American was shot to death by a state-trooper after trying to protect his mother from the police.26 This sparked the Selma to Montgomery March on March 7th, 1965. The march met a police blockade in Selma with clubs and tear gas and that day became known as Bloody Sunday, sparking national outrage. The march continued and was continually met by police and KKK brutality and added deaths. On August 6th, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act the events in Selma greatly impacting the act. This is considered the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement.27 The movement began to stray from the nonviolent tradition in the late 1960s and especially after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968. Many African-Americans in the North felt left out from the successes of the Civil Rights.The suburb g ardening of the 1950s and 60s led to a flood of rich white Americans moving out of the cities, leaving the poor African-Americans in the North, stuck in a cycle of poverty and crime. The more militant movement challenging Martin Luther King Jr.s ideas was led by Malcolm X, formally part of the Nation of Islam. He promoted the idea of black pride and that African-Americans should defend themselves against white aggression.28 Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965, but his ideas of black pride led to the Black Power movement, empowering African-Americans and impart a sense of pride among them. Unfortunately it also promoted a very macho culture, which was not very womens rights friendly. Many consider the Civil Rights Movement to have ended in 1968, and may believe that racism is a thing of the past and that this generation has learned, as Martin Luther King Jr. said, not be judge by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.29 Unfortunately, discrimination for many m inorities is a very real part of their life in America today.There is statistical data showing that problems like discrimination in the workplace30, wealth gaps between races31, and disproportionately high crime and internment rates for minorities exist. A study done in 2000 to 2002, showed that most employers called backapplicants with resumes with white-sounding names (versus black-sounding names) more often than not.32 Nonwhite families earned approx. 65% of what white families earned in 2012.33 This gap between whites and minorities is a battle still being fought today. Many believe that the minorities are also unrepresented in the government, thus hindering any major progress for minorities. The Civil Rights movement was a movement against hundreds of years of oppression and discrimination. It was a movement that swept the country and changed the culture and politics of America forever, led by determined, courageous leaders whose names will always be remembered. It opened the economic, political, and social doors that African-Americans had never had the privilege to explore in the days of segregation and discrimination. Though racism will probably always be present in some form, the impact of the civil rights movement was a necessary and infallible step for all of mankind.

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior EssayViolent behavior is a central theme in many kinds of media. Television and movies depict violent behaviors as acceptable focal points of communicating and resolving problematic social situations (Strasburger Donnerstein, 1999). During the 20th century, Americans were introduced to a wide variety of media technology, including tvs, digital computers, video cas sterilizete players and handheld electronic machines (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Although television is but ace of the many media venues, it represents the predominant medium to which very small children are exposed.The 1972 report to the Surgeon General open that 96% of American homes nourish one or much television sets and the average home set is on more than six hours a day and frequent viewing usually begins at around age 3 and remains relatively mellowed until about age 12 (1972, pp. 1-2). Kaisers study (1999) found that children spend up to 40 hou rs per week in front of the television. For children under the age of 7, Wright et al. (1994) found that media photograph averaged just over four hours per day. Other studies have concurred that the television has mother a predominant medium of experience for the child.In a 1990 position paper, the NAEYC utter that the trend toward increased depiction of violence in the media jeopardizes the healthy development of significant numbers of our nations children (1990, p. 18). The viewing experience is game uply complex, subjective, and dependent upon the childs level of cognitive and activated understanding (Wright et al. , 1994). Social scientists and policy makers have expressed concern about the dominance negative impact of moving picture of violence on children (Bushman Geen, 1990).They have explored the negative impact longitudinally, both experimentally and observationally, and found that children as young as 2 and into adolescence are adversely affected by televised viol ence. Studies show that subsequently viewing violent plans, the child behaved hostilely and imitated the scenes of the violent behavior in his play (Anderson Bushman 2001). This paper explores the current state of research in this area and seeks for the birth between television projecting and childhood violence. Television and ViolenceThe most recent large-scale longitudinal study was initiated in 1994 by researchers at the Universities of California, Texas, Wisconsin, and northerly Carolina. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) was deemed the largest scientific study of television violence ever undertaken (Federman, 1998). NTVS involved a trine-year effort (1994-1997) to review violence in televised computer programming. It examined three areas of concern televised programming context, factors that either positively or negatively alter the risk of viewing violence, and the interactions between programming and the viewers.In this study, nearly 10,000 hours of telev ised cross-channel programming were examined using five major groupings broadcast networks, independent broadcast, public broadcast, basic cable, and premium cable. The authors found that 61% of programs contain violence. By the third year of the study, at that place was more violent interaction observed across the programs analyzed. Specific to the younger child, the study found that childrens programs, as a genre, contained the greatest share (50%) of all big violent interactions, as hale as the highest ratio of interactions per hour (. 75) (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 175).Child-oriented cable programs such as those on Cartoon Network, Disney, or Nickelodeon contained the most high risk violent interactions (27%), compared to general-entertainment basic cable (24%), independent broadcast (19%), and premium cable (17%) (Federman, 1998). Early morning viewing, which is primarily child-foc expendd cartoon programming, has at least one high-risk violent presentation every hour. In one week, a child is exposed to at least 20 violent behavior depictions, and in one year over 1,000, if he watches three hours of early morning television a day (Federman, 1997-1998).The authors also found that over the course of three years there was little change in the overall number of violent programs. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in the portraitures of violent incidents per program and childrens programs continued to depict violence in animated stories (Federman, Vol. 2, 1998). In many of these violent interactions, the main character did not experience any appropriate consequences for assertive behavior. One of the goals of the NTVS was to encourage more responsible television programming and viewing.The study emphasized the message that understanding the impact of viewed televised violence offers an opportunity to significantly curtail the risks to society that are posed by exposure to televised violence. Young Childs Experience of Violence The American m edia is rife with portrayals of justified violence (Federman, 1997-1998). The good guy beatniks up the cock-a-hoop guy, and laughter or expressions of glee follow hurtful acts. This conveys the message that trespass is an acceptable way to solve problems and express frustration.Children of all ages watch television and videos on a daily basis and are exposed to acts of violence that potentially shape their way of thinking and behaving (Minow Lamay, 1995, p. 36) Cartoons feature patterns that are more likely to encourage aggression in children, especially if they are under the age of seven (Boyatzis et al. , 1987). Aggressive behaviors, often portrayed in the genre of living aimed at children, are confusing for the young child. The stories presented as humorous, with laughter accompanying actions that are hostile and fast-growing(a).This may lead to a decrease in his potential fear of danger and may also foster desensitization to harmful situations (Federman, 1997-1998). Signific ant results revealed that televised violence is changing the behavior of children (Federman, 1997-1998). Individuals of all ages learn through observation. tercet important factors affect the impact of learning through modeling. First, the more engaging and attractive the model is, the more the viewer will stay attentive the slight appealing the character is, the more likely the viewer will be distracted or ignore the experience.The second compelling factor is the repeated exposure of the modeling stimuli. As a result of repeated exposure, modeling stimuli eventually produces enduring, retrievable images (Bandura, 1977, p. 25). The third factor, the complexity of the observed experience, affects the rate of observational learning. It is based on the observers capacity to process in scoreation. However, the young child may imitate without knowing what his behavior means.Bandura suggests that immediate imitation does not require much in the way of cognitive functioning because the b ehavioral reproduction is externally guided by the models action (Bandura, 1977, p. 27). Banduras research throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the inflatable Bobo doll demonstrated a relationship between viewing aggressive acts of behavior and performing them. He found that children would more often choose the Bobo doll to punch afterward viewing a televised violent program than reading a book or choosing a quiet game. Although Banduras work on modeling has been challenged over the years, there has been strong support.Later researchers have expanded Banduras initial studies, finding that the younger the child is, the more likely he will use imitation earlier than rational thinking to choose an appropriate, non-violent way of relating. Eron et al. (1972) reported a strong relationship between viewed violence at age 8 and aggressive behavior. lodge and Sparks (1984) found that preschool children have a greater fear response than older children and react accordingly to what they se e. Singer et al. (1999) concluded that there was a significant connective linking violent exposure with childrens self-reported violent behaviors.Boyatzis et al. s 1995 study of 52 elementary school children with a mean age 7 years, 9 months, showed how children reacted to watching an issue of The reason Rangers. They found that the childs aggressive tendency and lack of fear was immediate and markedly greater following an exposure to but a single chance of The Power Rangers. (Boyatzis et al. , 1995, p. 53). Animated programming such as The Power Rangers, Ninja Turtles characterizes the hero as attractive, strong, and powerful. These characters use violence to solve problematic situations and rescue the helpless victim.The NTVS found that a preschooler who watches an average of 2 hours a day of such content will 43 be exposed to at least 10 hazardous portrayals a week, and over 500 in a year (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 163). Other studies have documented the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive thought and action. For example, Josephson (1987) presented two television excerpts, one violent and one non-violent, to 396 third-grade boys from 13 schools. She hypothesized that there was a relationship between viewed violence and aggressive play behavior. importation was found in increased aggressive behavior in boys who played a game of hockey after watching a violent program. Boys who scored high on characteristic levels of aggressiveness used more aggressive behaviors in their hockey game if they were in the groups that viewed violence. Furthermore, she found that the boys who watched the violent show and were not stipulation verbal cues about appropriateness of the behavior played more aggressively after the tape than either the boys who watched a non-violent tape, or boys who watched a violent tape but were given verbal cues that commented on appropriateness of behavior(Josephson, 1987).Children are being presented with messages that i nvite aggressive ways of relating to resolve situations and handle life events (Groves 2002). Current televised shows use cartoons, as well as live actors, to display forms of aggression as a means of relating to others and solving problems. A significant shift in televised programming, though, has occurred with the portrayal of aggressive behavior through more real life characterization, as illustrated in shows like The Power Rangers.The visual experience of aggressive behavior has become more like real life to the child because instead of viewing animated characters using aggressive behavior, the child can now watch individuals resembling to himself transmogrify into violent machines (Boyatzis et al. , 1995). In this mechanical state, the portrayed behavior is violent and aggressive with the childs intention of solving a problem. Witnessing these aggressive acts of behavior gives the child a script to construct his social interactions. Since young children create and store behavi or that they see, viewing violence becomes a potential way of relating to an experience.Whether the televised programming is in the form of cartoons or real life, social scripts are constructed by the child and are then employed in day-to-day experiences (Groves 2002). Mitigating the Influence of Violent Television tied(p) though there have been numerous studies documenting the impact of televised violence on the behavior of children, the television industry has been reluctant to change violent programming (Singer et al. , 1999). As a result, recent research has focused on how to mitigate the experience of what the child sees rather than waiting for the industry to change what is presented to the public.The child uses internal processes, relying on cognitive and emotional capacities, to actively understand what has been experienced. In his efforts to understand these experiences, the child will find a way to concretize the experience into either emotional or behavioral responses. Y ounger children convey the assistance of another to understand what they experience because they are unable to adjust their viewing and comprehension activities in response to learning instructions (Field Anderson, 1985, p. 91). Collins, Sobol, and Westby (1981) studied 47 children with a mean age of 7. 8 years.Children who watched a program in the presence of an adult who provided ongoing scuttlebutt showed improved comprehension of the plot and the witnessed experiences. Without adult participation, the younger children remembered only the aggressive behaviors without remembering the link to either the motive or the consequence. Huesmann et al. (1983) sampled 169 first- and third-grade children over a two-year period. The focus of the study was to mitigate the relation between aggression and television violence viewing in children through an intervention that altered the childrens attitudes about aggression and violent shows (Huesmann et al. , 1983, p. 899).They found a signifi cant change in how the child responded to violence when the experimenter commented on the violent behavior. More children responded with appropriate answers when they were directly asked, what are the bad things that could happen when a child imitates the aggressive behavior of a character? St. Peters et al. (1991) found that the role of co-viewing by the parent with the child is beneficial. This study was conducted over a two-year period and involved the participation of 271 children, ages 3 to 5 years, and their parents.Parental comments about the televised material helped the children understand what they saw. The parents comments differentiated acceptable and non-acceptable behavior for the child. Young children need this clarification and guidance because they have relatively few internal structures to guide them in their behavior (St. Peters et al. , 1991). Kubey (1996) noted that network and cable programming are conflicting for some children, especially the young child. No amount of adult commenting will completely mitigate what a child experiences.Monitoring and limiting a childs quality of television shows to reduce the exposure to violent behaviors is similar to monitoring a childs choice of foods to ensure health and nutrition. Children are victims to the effects of exposure to violence. Parents are critically important as a resource for the child in his attempt to understand the world. Grover (2002) noted that the child who has been exposed to violence responds more favorably to a nurturing, sensitive and caring adult relationship.The more parents know about their childs changing capacities to understand the world, the better able they are to respond empathically and appropriately to the child (Garbarino, 1992). However, it is essential, as a parent is a primary resource to buffer, explain and clarify life experiences for the child that are beyond the childs capacity to understand ((Minow Lamay, 1995). The study by Singer et al. (1980) found t hat parents influenced their childrens perceptions of the importance of television by the type and amount of television viewing they had.Collins et al. (1981) found that parental commentary helped children understand the unuttered program content. The longitudinal study by St. Peters et al. (1991) of 3- and 5-year-olds and their families viewing patterns found that parents viewing choices play a role in determining a childs exposure to television programs. Conclusion Young children often copy the violent actions that they have witnessed. Banduras work on modeling in the field of social learning has been significant in conceptualizing the relationship between viewing violence and subsequent behaviors.The solution for ameliorating the impact of televised violence focuses on change in parental attitudes as well as profound changes in the entertainment industry. Changing parental attitudes and behavior toward media violence is more feasible than changing the way the entertainment indus try portrays violence. Educating parents about the childs cognitive and emotional developmental capacities has been recommended widely as one solution to lessen the potential impact of media violence.ReferencesAnderson, C, Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. American Psychological Society, 12, pp. 353-359. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Boyatzis, C. J. , Matillo, G. M. , Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), pp. 45-55.